http://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sudhanshu.neema&feedformat=atomlandwiki - User contributions [en-gb]2024-03-29T01:38:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0http://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=789Public Wealth Wiki2019-10-21T07:52:39Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: </p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
The goal of Dhan Vapasi wiki is to pull together information of public wealth of India from credible and publicly available sources. <br />
Such information is fragmented and mostly unavailable at present. Dhan Vapasi wiki aims to fill this deficit. <br />
The public wealth of India belongs to its citizens and so does the information about its details. <br />
<br><br />
The value that can be derived out of India's natural resources has been estimated at ₹ 1,000 crores <ref> This value is the realisable value estimated as 25% of the total value of natural resources. </ref> <br />
The value of surplus public land available in the country is ₹ 340 crores. This wealth is more than ₹50 lakh for each household in India. <br />
<br> <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,252||style="text-align:right;"|50,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |378||style="text-align:right;"|15,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |847||style="text-align:right;"|33,90,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |27||style="text-align:right;"|1,09,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,592 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 63,71,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Duration Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''63 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
Wherever possible the value of land has been taken from the reports of CAG. In some cases, the body that has made details of its surplus land has also made its valuation available. In such cases, this valuation is used. <br />
Internal valuation of land has been estimated for land data where its valuation has not been given. These estimations are based on conservative land prices in the market obtained from property valuation portals for rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
The FSI in each case is assumed to be merely 1. <br />
===FSI===<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq.metre. on a plot of 1000 Sq.metre. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. metre. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. metre. plot there. <br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Department_of_Posts&diff=788Department of Posts2018-12-26T06:34:06Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: table heading corrected</p>
<hr />
<div>The Department of Posts is a government operated postal company. The Postal Company comes under Department of Posts which is the part of Ministry of Communications. According to the CAG report Union Government (Communication and IT Sector) for the year 2016, the scrutiny of records from December 2015 to January 2016 in 20 postal circles (states) disclosed that 1,608 free-hold plots measuring 48.08 lakh sqm which were purchased in past (even in 19th century) for the purpose of constructing postal offices and staff quarters were lying vacant. The possession cost of 980 free-hold plots was 77.03 crore and the information was not available for the remaining plots. It was observed that the current value of 472 vacant plots measuring 6.77 lakh sqm in the states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, and Maharashtra had risen to Rs 209.55 crore (December 2015) from the actual acquisition cost 4.33 crore. <ref>Comtroller Auditor General of India (CAG) (Communication and IT Sector) 2016. Report. CAG, 2016 https://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Communication_IT_Compliance_Report_29_2016.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The Department of Posts is a government operated posted company. The Postal Company comes under the Department of Posts which is the part of Ministry of Communications. According to the CAG report Union Government (Communication and IT Sector) for the year 2016, the scrutiny of records from December 2015 to January 2016 in 20 postal circles (states) disclosed that 1,608 free-hold plots measuring 48.08 lakh sqm which were purchased in past (even in 19th century) for the purpose for constructing postal offices and staff quarters were lying vacant. The possession cost of 980 free-hold plots was 77.03 crore and the information was not available for the remaining plots. It was observed that the current value of 472 vacant plots measuring 6.77 lakh sqm in the states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, and Maharashtra had risen to Rs 209.55 crore (December 2015) from the actual acquisition cost 4.33 crore. <br />
The 19 out of 22 circles (states) from the scrutiny of records (December 2015 to January 2016) disclosed that 241 freehold plots measuring an area of 3.24 lakh square meter with the purchasing cost of Rs 13.94 crore were encroached. Therefore, the current value of 107 encroached plots with 76,683 sqm as provided by the six circles, had risen to Rs 63.90 crore from its original value of Rs 3.59 crore. <br />
Scrutiny of land records made available to audit (December 2015 and January 2016) revealed that in 16 Circles out of 22 Circles, 100 plots measuring 4.08 lakh sq. meter acquired on lease for construction of post office buildings/staff quarters, as far back as in 1978, were still lying vacant and an amount of ` 3.37 crore during the period up to 2014 was paid towards lease rent. It was further observed that in Delhi Circle alone, 19 plots measuring 53,137 square meters taken on a lease of ` 2.37 crore during 1983 to 2014 were still lying vacant without any use. In Mumbai Postal Region alone, nine plots measuring 16,597 square meters taken on lease during 1984 to 1992 were still lying vacant.<ref><br />
Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India Report no. 29. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Communication_IT_Compliance_Report_29_2016.pdf.</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Post 01.png|center]]<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>CAG, [https://cag.gov.in/content/report-no-29-2016-compliance-audit-communication-it-sector-union-government "Report No. 29 of 2016"], '''CAG''', 2016</ref><br />
'''Department of Post''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Himachal Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|1.85||style="text-align:right;"|3.75<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Punjab||style="text-align:center;"|13.35||style="text-align:right;"|27<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Uttarakhand||style="text-align:center;"|3.86||style="text-align:right;"|7.8<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Haryana||style="text-align:center;"|38.38||style="text-align:right;"|77.6<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Uttar Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|7.11||style="text-align:right;"|14.3<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Rajasthan||style="text-align:center;"|4.69||style="text-align:right;"|9.5<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Assam||style="text-align:center;"|38.56||style="text-align:right;"|78<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Bihar||style="text-align:center;"|18.17||style="text-align:right;"|36.75<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|North East||style="text-align:center;"|8.87||style="text-align:right;"|18<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Jharkhand||style="text-align:center;"|26.73||style="text-align:right;"|54<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Madhya Pradeh||style="text-align:center;"|6.14||style="text-align:right;"|12.5<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gujarat||style="text-align:center;"|42.89||style="text-align:right;"|86.75<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|West Bengal||style="text-align:center;"|614.4||style="text-align:right;"|1,243<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Odisha||style="text-align:center;"|11.59||style="text-align:right;"|23.5<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Maharahtra||style="text-align:center;"|28.06||style="text-align:right;"|56.75<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Andhra Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|69.29||style="text-align:right;"|140<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Karnataka||style="text-align:center;"|103.55||style="text-align:right;"|209<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Tamil Nadu||style="text-align:center;"|68.83||style="text-align:right;"|139<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kerala||style="text-align:center;"|39.88||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 1146.2 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 2317.2 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Details of Encroached Land under Department of Posts''' <br />
<br />
The Department of Posts records of December 2015 to January 2016 audit of 19 out of 22 circles revealed that 3.24 lakh square metres of land of department worth Rs 13.94 crore have encroached upon. Therefore, 18.94 acres of land is under encroachment in six post circles including Maharashtra, Gujarat Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, the current acquisition cost of these lands has risen to Rs 63.90 crore for their actual cost which was Rs 3.59 crore.<br />
<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited&diff=787Steel Authority of India Limited2018-12-18T06:28:15Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: fixed number</p>
<hr />
<div>The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was established on January 24, 1973 <ref>https://www.sail.co.in/</ref>. <br />
The company operates under the management of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. <br />
SAIL is the largest steel-making company in India. It has five major steel plants across the country which includes Rourkela Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel Plant, IISCO Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant, and the Bhilai Steel Plant. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
According to Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), the total land held by the five steel plants of SAIL is 1,01,598 acres.<br />
As of March 2017, the company possessed title deeds of only 48,918 acres of land (48 per cent) of the 1,01,598 acres of land held by the five steel plants of SAIL.<ref>https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf</ref><br />
A huge portion of land under the control of these five steel plants across the country is kept unused and is under encroachment. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 45%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Encroached Land in Steel Plants '''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
|-<br />
|1||style="text-align:center;"|IISCO||style="text-align:center;"|20<br />
|-<br />
|2||style="text-align:center;"|Rourkela||style="text-align:center;"|391<br />
|-<br />
|3||style="text-align:center;"|Bhillai ||style="text-align:center;"|510<br />
|-<br />
|4||style="text-align:center;"|Durgapur||style="text-align:center;"|1,163<br />
|-<br />
|5||style="text-align:center;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|1,932<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 14,016 acre'''<br />
|}<br />
CAG has pointed out that out of the total 1,01,598 acres of land held by these five steel plants, around 29,008 acres of land (or more than 20,000 football fields) is either leased, surplus, or encroached. The auditor also revealed that the company did not make any master plan for the utilization of these surplus land parcels. <br />
<br><br />
The total value of such unused, encroached, and leased land parcels held by the company is ₹ 58,149 crore. <br />
<br><br />
If these unused, leased, and encroached land parcels are monetized then each Indian household may stand to gain ₹ 23,277. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
This shows that the government cannot even protect their own land from encroachments. On the other hand, the company even kept a large chunk of valuable land unused in major cities. There is a possibility that SAIL holds more such unused or encroached parcels of land across the country.<br />
Refer to the map and accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:SAIL.png|900px|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Steel Authority of India Limited [https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf "SAIL"]</ref><br />
'''Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|IISCO Steel Plant Burnpur||style="text-align:center;"|432||style="text-align:right;"|874<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|14513||style="text-align:right;"|28,820<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Durgapur Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|5252||style="text-align:right;"|10,627<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Rourkela Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|4952||style="text-align:right;"|10,020<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Bhilai Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|3859||style="text-align:right;"|7,808<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 29,008 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 58,149 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited&diff=786Steel Authority of India Limited2018-12-18T06:27:25Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: units fixed</p>
<hr />
<div>The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was established on January 24, 1973 <ref>https://www.sail.co.in/</ref>. <br />
The company operates under the management of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. <br />
SAIL is the largest steel-making company in India. It has five major steel plants across the country which includes Rourkela Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel Plant, IISCO Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant, and the Bhilai Steel Plant. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
According to Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), the total land held by the five steel plants of SAIL is 1,01,598 acres.<br />
As of March 2017, the company possessed title deeds of only 48,918 acres of land (48 per cent) of the 1,01,598 acres of land held by the five steel plants of SAIL.<ref>https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf</ref><br />
A huge portion of land under the control of these five steel plants across the country is kept unused and is under encroachment. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 45%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Encroached Land in Steel Plants '''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
|-<br />
|1||style="text-align:center;"|IISCO||style="text-align:center;"|20<br />
|-<br />
|2||style="text-align:center;"|Rourkela||style="text-align:center;"|391<br />
|-<br />
|3||style="text-align:center;"|Bhillai ||style="text-align:center;"|510<br />
|-<br />
|4||style="text-align:center;"|Durgapur||style="text-align:center;"|1,163<br />
|-<br />
|5||style="text-align:center;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|1,932<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 14,016 acre'''<br />
|}<br />
CAG has pointed out that out of the total 10,158 acres of land held by these five steel plants, around 29,008 acres of land (or more than 20,000 football fields) is either leased, surplus, or encroached. The auditor also revealed that the company did not make any master plan for the utilization of these surplus land parcels. <br />
<br><br />
The total value of such unused, encroached, and leased land parcels held by the company is ₹ 58,149 crore. <br />
<br><br />
If these unused, leased, and encroached land parcels are monetized then each Indian household may stand to gain ₹ 23,277. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
This shows that the government cannot even protect their own land from encroachments. On the other hand, the company even kept a large chunk of valuable land unused in major cities. There is a possibility that SAIL holds more such unused or encroached parcels of land across the country.<br />
Refer to the map and accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:SAIL.png|900px|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Steel Authority of India Limited [https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf "SAIL"]</ref><br />
'''Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|IISCO Steel Plant Burnpur||style="text-align:center;"|432||style="text-align:right;"|874<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|14513||style="text-align:right;"|28,820<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Durgapur Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|5252||style="text-align:right;"|10,627<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Rourkela Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|4952||style="text-align:right;"|10,020<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Bhilai Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|3859||style="text-align:right;"|7,808<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 29,008 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 58,149 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=785Public Wealth Wiki2018-12-11T15:57:58Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: 25% correction</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
The goal of Dhan Vapasi wiki is to pull together information of public wealth of India from credible and publicly available sources. <br />
Such information is fragmented and mostly unavailable at present. Dhan Vapasi wiki aims to fill this deficit. <br />
The public wealth of India belongs to its citizens and so does the information about its details. <br />
<br><br />
The value that can be derived out of India's natural resources has been estimated at ₹ 1,000 crores <ref> This value is the realisable value estimated as 25% of the total value of natural resources. </ref> <br />
The value of surplus public land available in the country is ₹ 340 crores. This wealth is more than ₹50 lakh for each household in India. <br />
<br> <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,252||style="text-align:right;"|50,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |378||style="text-align:right;"|15,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |847||style="text-align:right;"|33,90,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |27||style="text-align:right;"|1,09,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,592 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 63,71,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''63 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
Wherever possible the value of land has been taken from the reports of CAG. In some cases, the body that has made details of its surplus land has also made its valuation available. In such cases, this valuation is used. <br />
Internal valuation of land has been estimated for land data where its valuation has not been given. These estimations are based on conservative land prices in the market obtained from property valuation portals for rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
The FSI in each case is assumed to be merely 1. <br />
===FSI===<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq.metre. on a plot of 1000 Sq.metre. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. metre. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. metre. plot there. <br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=784Public Wealth Wiki2018-12-11T14:12:05Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edits to Table 1</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
The goal of Dhan Vapasi wiki is to pull together information of public wealth of India from credible and publicly available sources. <br />
Such information is fragmented and mostly unavailable at present. Dhan Vapasi wiki aims to fill this deficit. <br />
The public wealth of India belongs to its citizens and so does the information about its details. <br />
<br><br />
The value that can be derived out of India's natural resources has been estimated at ₹ 1,000 crores <ref> This value is the realisable value estimated as 20% of the total value of natural resources. </ref> <br />
The value of surplus public land available in the country is ₹ 340 crores. This wealth is more than ₹50 lakh for each household in India. <br />
<br> <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,252||style="text-align:right;"|50,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |378||style="text-align:right;"|15,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |847||style="text-align:right;"|33,90,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |27||style="text-align:right;"|1,09,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,592 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 63,71,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''63 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
Wherever possible the value of land has been taken from the reports of CAG. In some cases, the body that has made details of its surplus land has also made its valuation available. In such cases, this valuation is used. <br />
Internal valuation of land has been estimated for land data where its valuation has not been given. These estimations are based on conservative land prices in the market obtained from property valuation portals for rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
The FSI in each case is assumed to be merely 1. <br />
===FSI===<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq.metre. on a plot of 1000 Sq.metre. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. metre. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. metre. plot there. <br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=782Public Wealth Wiki2018-11-01T15:43:44Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edit in table title</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
The goal of Dhan Vapasi wiki is to pull together information of public wealth of India from credible and publicly available sources. <br />
Such information is fragmented and mostly unavailable at present. Dhan Vapasi wiki aims to fill this deficit. <br />
The public wealth of India belongs to its citizens and so does the information about its details. <br />
<br><br />
The value that can be derived out of India's natural resources has been estimated at ₹ 1,000 crores <ref> This value is the realisable value estimated as 20% of the total value of natural resources. </ref> <br />
The value of surplus public land available in the country is ₹ 340 crores. This wealth is more than ₹50 lakh for each household in India. <br />
<br> <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
Wherever possible the value of land has been taken from the reports of CAG. In some cases, the body that has made details of its surplus land has also made its valuation available. In such cases, this valuation is used. <br />
Internal valuation of land has been estimated for land data where its valuation has not been given. These estimations are based on conservative land prices in the market obtained from property valuation portals for rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
The FSI in each case is assumed to be merely 1. <br />
===FSI===<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq.metre. on a plot of 1000 Sq.metre. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. metre. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. metre. plot there. <br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=781Public Wealth Wiki2018-11-01T15:43:10Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edits in methodology</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
The goal of Dhan Vapasi wiki is to pull together information of public wealth of India from credible and publicly available sources. <br />
Such information is fragmented and mostly unavailable at present. Dhan Vapasi wiki aims to fill this deficit. <br />
The public wealth of India belongs to its citizens and so does the information about its details. <br />
<br><br />
The value that can be derived out of India's natural resources has been estimated at ₹ 1,000 crores <ref> This value is the realisable value estimated as 20% of the total value of natural resources. </ref> <br />
The value of surplus public land available in the country is ₹ 340 crores. This wealth is more than ₹50 lakh for each household in India. <br />
<br> <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
Wherever possible the value of land has been taken from the reports of CAG. In some cases, the body that has made details of its surplus land has also made its valuation available. In such cases, this valuation is used. <br />
Internal valuation of land has been estimated for land data where its valuation has not been given. These estimations are based on conservative land prices in the market obtained from property valuation portals for rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
The FSI in each case is assumed to be merely 1. <br />
===FSI===<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq.metre. on a plot of 1000 Sq.metre. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. metre. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. metre. plot there. <br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=780Public Wealth Wiki2018-11-01T15:13:24Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edits in land description</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] "Why real estate is a bad long-term investment" </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to major cities across the world.<br />
The government-owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. <br />
The defence forces are the largest landowners in the country. Excluding the prime urban land occupied in cities by defence stations, the surplus land as per internal and CG audits is 78,846 acres. <br />
<br />
Railways are the second largest landowners in the country with 6,407 acres land available.<ref> as disclose by railways, however, there exists a larger unfound inventory requiring a thorough audit</ref><br />
<br />
Major ports in the country also hold huge tracts of land. The land available with all the major ports is 27,379 acres. <br />
<br />
National Textile Corporation holds 1,158 acres of prime urban land locked by defunct mills within densely populated cities.<br />
<br />
Various public sector enterprises, now defunct, or serial loss-making enterprises have locked away highly valuable urban land parcels. <br />
<br />
Special Economic Zones are a special case of how land was forecefully extracted and acquired from the poor in the name of industralisation, only to remain wasted and unusued. The land available with them is an estimated 72,847 acres. <br />
<br />
The table below highlights many such insitutions and bodies locking away land in cities. This list is bound to expand as more information is uncovered.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various government bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=779Public Wealth Wiki2018-11-01T15:10:45Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Land */ minor edits in text</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The value of minerals is based on information from the public domain coming from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. The realizable value of the mineral reserves after extraction is estimated to be 20% of the total value. This estimation is included in the Dhan Vapasi fund.<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental sources. A majority of the surplus land on state-level bodies has been uncovered from CAG audit reports, duly cited. Sources include parliamentary questions, data and valuations from academics, and research-think tanks. Information from government databases, ministries and departments has also been sourced, wherever available.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=778Public Wealth Wiki2018-11-01T15:07:17Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Minerals */ edits for realizable value</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''383,331 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 644,715 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The value of minerals is based on information from the public domain coming from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. The realizable value of the mineral reserves after extraction is estimated to be 20% of the total value. This estimation is included in the Dhan Vapasi fund.<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=773Public Wealth Wiki2018-10-30T11:05:47Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: Wiki 2.0 integrated proper</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Public_Wealth_Wiki&diff=772Public Wealth Wiki2018-10-30T11:04:12Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: Intergrating Wiki 2.0 with the main page of the wiki</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=771Wiki 2.02018-10-30T11:02:40Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Minerals */ mineral edit</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=770Wiki 2.02018-10-30T11:01:51Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Minerals */ edits in mineral wealth</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
<br><br />
* Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. <br />
<br><br />
* Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
<br><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=769Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:59:27Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edits</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br><br />
The mineral wealth of India is estimated to be in excess of ₹5,000 lakh crore, or about ₹40 lakh per Indian.[1] India is richly endowed with various natural resources. In 2014, India ranked first in world production of garnet and iron oxide pigments; second in cement and graphite; third in chromium, lime, nitrogen, and pig iron; fourth in crude steel and iron ore. India is particularly rich in metallic minerals such as manganese, chromite, titanium and has world’s largest reserves of mica and bauxite.[2]. According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=768Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:55:46Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Land */ table modified</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;" | 5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;" |7,337 ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;" | 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] || style="text-align:center;" |2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]|| style="text-align:center;" |471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;" |674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;" |73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=767Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:50:37Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Land */ table 3 modified</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;"|7,337 ||<br />
style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;"| 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] ||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||<br />
style="text-align:center;"| 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"| 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=766Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:48:44Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Land */ edits to table 3</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675 || style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:center;"|7,337 ||<br />
style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:center;"| 474||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 4||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] ||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|2,016 || style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 5||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||<br />
style="text-align:center;"| 1,150 ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|674||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 8||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|624 ||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|184 ||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"| 144||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|73 ||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|5,40,725 ||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|1,508||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|3,198||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|7,540||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|72,847||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|75 ||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|33 ||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|622||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||<br />
style="text-align:center;"|2,421||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=763Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:35:38Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Land */ table modified</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 66%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:center;"|NA<ref> Information on the total land held by Air India is not known, however its approximate value is made available in the financial reports</ref>||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,407||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:center;"|296,914||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:center;"|1,146||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:center;"|5,675||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|5,000 ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:center;"|471||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:center;"|2,982 ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:center;"|938 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:center;"|1,158 ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:center;"|27,379 ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:center;"|29,008||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:center;"|6,177||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''X acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 5||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 16||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 17||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 19 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 23 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=761Wiki 2.02018-10-30T10:20:35Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added are column for tabel 2 and table 3 and inserted minerals table</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:right;"|24,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|7||Directiorate General of Human Resource Development ||style="text-align:right;"|2.2<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Punjab Urban Development Authority ]] ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Public Land Corporation Limited ]]||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|- <br />
| 5||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 16||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|8,11,000<br />
|-<br />
| 17||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 19 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 23 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 19.76 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Kundu Sridhar,[http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf "A Note on<br />
the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India<br />
"], CBGA, 2014, Table III</ref><br />
'''Mineral Wealth of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mineral<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Reserve (tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Price (₹ thousand/ tonne)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Method of Pricing (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1|| Antimony||1 lakh|| 490|| 518|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|2|| Asbestos||22.2 million|| 350|| 62,875|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|3|| Barytes|| 73 million || 5.2|| 38066|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Betonite|| 568 million|| 26.6|| 15,10,969|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|5|| Borax ||74.2 thousand|| 20.2 ||150|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|6|| Calcite|| 20.94 million|| 4.7 || 9782 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|7|| Chromite|| 203 million ||16.5|| 3,35,934|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Copper || 1.56 billion || 45.3 || 70,69,237 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Diamond|| 31.92 million ||0.207/carat|| 661|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|10|| Diaspore ||5.98 million|| 1|| 598|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||Diatomite ||2.9 million|| 8.9|| 2,554|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|12|| Dolomite ||7.7 billion|| 2.3 ||17,55,856|| Import parity<br />
|-<br />
|13|| Felspar|| 132 million ||3.4|| 44,595|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|14|| Fireclay || 713.5 million || 2.5|| 1,80,923|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|15|| Fluorite ||18.2 million|| 9.8 ||17,878|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|16|| Fuller Earth|| 256.7 million ||3.4|| 87,786|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|17|| Garnet|| 56.96 million ||7.5|| 42,762|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|18|| Granite ||116 billion|| 12.3 ||14,29,39,709|| Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||Gold|| 493.69 million ||1920/kg|| 9,48,59,391|| Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|20|| Graphite || 174.85 million ||32|| 560591|| Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|21|| Gypsum|| 1.2 billion || 1.3 || 1,71,950 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|22 || Titanium || 394 million || 5.1 || 2,01,376 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|23 || Iron Ore (Hematite) || 17.9 billion || 4.6 || 81,76,992 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||Iron (Magnetite) || 10.6 billion || 4.6 || 48,42,241 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|25 || Kyanite || 103.24 million || 13.6 || 1,40,480 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|26 || Sillimanite || 66.98 million || 11.4 || 76,201 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|27 || Andalusite || 18.5 million || 2.4 || 4,440 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|28 || Lead & Zinc || 685.6 million || 22.6 || 15,50,625 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|29 || Limestone || 184.9 bilion || 0.136 || 25,08,236 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Magnesite || 335 million ||8.7 ||2,92,824 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|31 || Manganese || 288 million || 0.709 || 20,431 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|32 || Marble || 1.93 billion || 1.2 || 2,25,475 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|33|| Mica || 5.3 lakh || 17.7|| 942.6 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|34 || Molybdenum || 19.3 million || 11.7 || 22,627.2 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|35 || Nickel || 189 million || 1,000 || 1,88,41,797 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|36 || Ochre || 144.26 million || 12 || 1,74,869 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|37 || Platinum || 15.7 || 70 /kg || 109 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|38 || Potash || 21.8 billion || 20 || 4,34,08,755 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|39 || Quartz and Silica || 3.5 billion || 5.6 || 19,72,584 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|40 || Quartizite || 1.25 billion || 30 || 37,35,119 || Import Parity<br />
|-<br />
|41 || Silver || 467 million || 37/kg || 17,12,471 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
|42 || Talc/Steatite/Soapstone || 270 million || 6 || 1,61,744 || Export Parity<br />
|-<br />
|43 || Tin || 83.73 million || 0.152/kg || 12,72,696 || Average Cost<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 33,90,35,819.8 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Richardson_%26_Cruddas&diff=756Richardson & Cruddas2018-10-30T08:39:57Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>Richardson and Cruddas (1972) Limited is a state-owned enterprise which was established on 15th March 1973. The company functions under the control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. The company is in the business of manufacturing fabricated metal products and metal working service activities.<br />
<br><br />
<br> <br />
The Government of Maharashtra allotted three plots of 54,285 sqm to Richardson and Cruddas for industrial purposes on a 99-year lease at Byculla, Mumbai. The officials of Government of Maharashtra found that the company did not use the plot for the intended purpose. The company started using the plot for commercial purposes such as shooting, entertainment and organizing events even without permission <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Richardson-Cruddas-told-to-return-Byculla-plot-to-govt/articleshow/55550106.cms</ref>.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Richardson and Cruddas also hold 36 acres of unused land at Mulund West, Mumbai of the value of ₹ 74,000 crore. The company also holds 27 acres of land in Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) in Nagpur of the value of ₹ 54 crores is lying unutilized. The total value of these unused land parcels held by the company is ₹ 98,000 crore. These are the conservative value of the unused land held by the company. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Richardson and Cruddas is sitting on large chunks of valuable land in the prime locations of Mumbai. The parcels of land are locked by the company. This creates an artificial scarcity of land in the city. As a result, the price of plots increases, following this the price of housing and infrastructure projects also increases in cities. Freeing up all such unused and locked land parcels have the potential of reducing the artificial scarcity of land in the city. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Refer to the Images below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Richardson Cruddas Byculla.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Richardson Cruddas Mulund.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Hindustan_Machines_and_Tools_Ltd.&diff=729Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.2018-10-29T08:12:14Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: Inserted text entry</p>
<hr />
<div>Hindustan Machines and Tools Limited (HMT) is a state-owned enterprise established in the year 1953. HMT functions under the control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. HMT is in the business of manufacturing watches, tractors, printing machines, and metal forming presses. HMT is headquartered at Bengaluru. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
HMT holds vast tracts of land across the country which is lying unused. The total area of vacant land held by the HMT is 471 acres. The total value of these unused land parcels is ₹ 997 crore <ref>http://www.hmtindia.com/2018/HMT_Annual_Report_final.pdf</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
In the year 1962 Government of Punjab gifted 846 acres of land to HMT at Pinjore, Haryana. However, the company utilized only 400 acres of land and the remaining 446 acres of land of the value of ₹ 90 crore is lying idle. 5 acres of land held by the HMT at Bengaluru is been kept unused. Another 13 acres of land under the company is lying unutilized at Hyderabad. The company is sitting on a large chunk of valuable land in these major cities. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
These unused land parcels should be freed-up from the control of Hindustan and Machines Tools Limited so that it could be used for the development of the country. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Refer to the table and accompanying map for the details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:HMT 01.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> HMT [http://www.hmtindia.com/2018/HMT_Annual_Report_final.pdf]</ref><br />
'''Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | City <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Pinjore||style="text-align:center;"|446||style="text-align:right;"|902<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Nanithal||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|14<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|13||style="text-align:right;"|26<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Bengaluru||style="text-align:center;"|5||style="text-align:right;"|54<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 471 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 996 crore'''<br />
|}</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Hindustan_Machines_and_Tools_Ltd.&diff=728Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.2018-10-29T08:10:45Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: Inserted table and plot</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:HMT 01.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> HMT [http://www.hmtindia.com/2018/HMT_Annual_Report_final.pdf]</ref><br />
'''Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | City <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Pinjore||style="text-align:center;"|446||style="text-align:right;"|902<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Nanithal||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|14<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|13||style="text-align:right;"|26<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Bengaluru||style="text-align:center;"|5||style="text-align:right;"|54<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 471 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 996 crore'''<br />
|}</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=File:HMT_01.png&diff=726File:HMT 01.png2018-10-29T08:04:28Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: </p>
<hr />
<div>Plot</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Air_India&diff=721Air India2018-10-29T07:57:14Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: inserted text and made edits to the map layout.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Estimaed enterprise value for Air India in the range of Rs. 16,000 crore to Rs. 30,000 crore <br />
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/how-much-is-air-india-really-worth-investment-bankers-weigh-in/articleshow/59506525.cms</ref><br />
Air India's assets are valued to be worth 45,000 crore rupees.<ref> ibid</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Air India has land and buildings in multiple locations in India and abroad. The annual report for 2008-09 reveals that land held by Air India was valued at Rs. 705 crore for freehold land. At Rs. 6,353 crore for leasehold land. <br />
Morevover, AI has buiding assets vakued at Rs. 1,535 crore at the end of the financial year 2009. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Air India also has an art collection valued at several hundred crores. It contains some of the most illustrious painters including, Jatin Das, B Prabha <wiki link>, MF Hussain, and VS Gaitonde <wiki> making it India's one of the most important art collections. <br />
There were reports of these valuable paintings being stolen by former employees, <ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-air-india-ed-booked-for-stealing-jatin-das-painting/articleshow/61623995.cms</ref> works being mishandled and lost <ref> http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-india-airline-art-2017-story.html</ref><br />
Mr Das, complained to the airline, accusing it of “indifference, negligence and theft”, and prompting an internal investigation of a work that was valued at 25 lakh rupees <ref>https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/air-india-s-massive-art-collection-comes-under-scrutiny-1.677348</ref><br />
<br><br />
The whole collection is thought to run to 7,000 items, including 4,000 paintings. No official estimate exists of the worth of the collection. But many of the artists — Mr Das himself, VS Gaitonde, Anjolie Ela Menon, MF Husain are renowned world wide and their works are exhibited and sold all over the world.<br />
An untitled, abstract canvas by Gaitonde was sold in 2015 for 293 million rupees — a record for an Indian artist at auction.<br />
<br><br />
Ajit Singh, India's aviation minister between 2011 and 2014, during his tenure stated the value of the missing paintings at an estimated 3 billion rupees. Media reports, citing unnamed officials, have put the figure closer to 750 crore rupees.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The estimate value of Air India's fully owned planes is placed at Rs. 20,000 crores (value may go much higher as to buy planes there is a waitlist of 9 years).<br />
It also owns valuable intangibles in the form of prime landing slots at top airports around the world.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Air India has about 77 planes in its fleet with 23 Boeing 787 Dreamliners. <br />
<br><br />
Among prime properties owned by Air India - it's headquartes in Mumbai is one with most of the floor space lying vacant. <br />
<br />
==Air India Staff Colonies==<br />
<br />
===Kalina, Mumbai===<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Air India Kalina.png|center|900px|thumb|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
===Vasant Vihar, New Delhi===<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Air India Vasant Vihar.png|center|900px|thumb|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==<br />
<br></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Lutyens_Bungalow_Zone&diff=712Lutyens Bungalow Zone2018-10-26T12:25:11Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added text entry</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
The Lutyens Bungalow Zone (LBZ) is the most valuable parcel of real estate in the country. <br />
Located in the heart of Delhi it comprises of 3,000 government properties and 600 private bungalows.<br />
<br><br />
The land parcel is actively kept out of reach of private individuals and heavily regulated. <br />
The population density of LBZ is just 14-15 people per acre while other parts of Delhi are starved for space with density as high as 1,100 to 1,600 people per acre. <ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-real-estate-boom-coming-as-lutyens-zone-set-to-shrink/story-u2bccMQBpBrxYXjteuIw0M.html "HT"]</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Land allotment and its utilisation is highly arbitrary and discretionary on the government officials. <br />
There is an absence of a uniform rental policy in place for political groups that occupy the majority of the 25 sq. km area.<br />
<br><br />
In their replies to RTI petitions, urban authorities have compounded the riddle that how sprawling Lutyens' estates under government control are allocated.<br />
<br><br />
An RTI filed with the authorities found out that the rules of the urban development ministry have been generously relaxed for the Congress and the BJP, India's two big parties.<br />
In 2015, the Congress was served a government notice to vacate all four addresses. In fact, their allotment was also cancelled. Yet, the party remains in possession of all the estates.<br />
On paper, every national party is entitled to run an office on government land in Delhi for three years. After that, they are required to shift their work-place to privately-owned space.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
National presidents of designated national political parties qualify for residential accommodation in Delhi only if they don't have any other in any other capacity.<br />
The BJP has two bungalows in its possession in Lutyens' Delhi: 11, Ashoka Road, its former party headquarter and 14, Pt. Pant Marg, office of the party's state unit. Two different RTI responses by the directorate of estates give two different rentals for 11 Ashok Road. The March reply quotes it at Rs 3,920 per month, the April note to as high as Rs 78,921 a month.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In another response from the government, the Congress is paying merely Rs 3,920 as monthly rent for 24, Akbar Road.<br />
While the Chanakyapuri bungalow under the occupancy of NCP is used as the residence of party office-bearers.<br />
<br><br />
As per a government circular of July 31, 2014 no state party is entitled to office space on government estate.<br />
However, the NCP, BSP, Samajwadi Party also have their offices in government-provided accommodation.<br />
<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-reveals-bjp-congress-hold-lion-s-share-in-lutyens-bungalow-zone-1245307-2018-05-29 "India Today"] </ref> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
According to an official at DDA “At the core of the LBZ, there are many ‘loose’ areas, including triangular blocks, barracks, and quarters where proper utilisation of land and densification is possible. <br />
<br><br />
The valuation of the 25 sq. km parcel is valued conservatively (uing FSI of only 1) at ₹ 19.32 lakh crore. <ref> [Calculation - Total Area x Circle Rate] - 2,49,70,075.05 sq.metre (6,170.24 acre) x ₹ 7.74 lakh/sq.metre = ₹ 19.32 lak crore.</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:LBZ final.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=National_Textile_Corporation&diff=711National Textile Corporation2018-10-26T10:59:19Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added plots and text</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
The National Textile Corporation is a Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE), established in April 1968. <br />
The main purpose of the company is to re-establish the sick textile undertakings in the private sector. <br />
The Textile mills were nationalized under Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalization) Act 1974. The National Textile Corporation owned around 16 textile mills in 1968, which increased to 103 in the year 1972.<br />
By the year 1995, the company owned 119 Textile Mills with an authorized capital of ₹100 million.<br />
<br />
NTC happens to be among the largest landholders in the country with most land parcels in central and prime urban spaces. <br />
The total land with NTC from information gathered from publicly available sources is 1,158 acres with a value of ₹ 25,622 crore (estimated using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1). <br />
See map and its accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC all 01.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> 13th Report to Lok Sabha, [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Labour/16_Labour_30.pdf "Land Assets Management in National Textile Corporation"], '''NTC''', 2017</ref><br />
'''National Textile Corporation (NTC)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mill <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Malout||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Victoria Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|31||style="text-align:right;"|63<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Muir Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Swadesh Cotton Mills Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|54||style="text-align:right;"|109<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Luxmi Ratan Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|13||style="text-align:right;"|26<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Atherton Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Chandrapur||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|142<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Bijli Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Mahalaxmi Mills Beawar||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|32<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Bijaynagar Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Swadeshi Cotton Mill||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Bihar Cooperative Mills Mokameh||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Udaipur ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Manindra B.T. Tex. Mills Cossimbazar||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Bhopal||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Hira Mills Ujjain||style="text-align:center;"|72||style="text-align:right;"|146<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Viramgam||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmedabad||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|16<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kalyanmal Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Indore||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Sodepur Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|18<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Petlad Mills||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Burhan Tapti Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|RSRG Mills Akola ||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|1,619<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Indu Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|3,237<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|2,833<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|2,023<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Sita Ram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Barshi Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|MSK Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|38||style="text-align:right;"|414<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Anantpur Mills Tadaptatri||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Tolahunse ||style="text-align:center;"|138||style="text-align:right;"|1,503<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Tirupat Cotton Mills Renigunta ||style="text-align:center;"|41||style="text-align:right;"|83<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Mysore Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|3||style="text-align:right;"|33<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Minerva Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|29||style="text-align:right;"|316<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Pioneer Spinners ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Somasunaram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore Spg& Wpg Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|18||style="text-align:right;"|36<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills B unit||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 1,158 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 25,622 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Textiles Mills in Mumbai==<br />
<br><br />
The textile mills owned by the National Textile Corporation in Mumbai have closed down for decades. <br />
These abondoned mills are sitting on huge tracts of land which can be used for many other productive purposes of industrialization, commercialization, affordable housing, or educational institutions.<br />
Mumbai was the land of 56 textile mills occupying around 600 acres of land and providing employment opportunities to more than 2.5 lakh workers. After 1982 the issues arising between the workers union and textile mills owners with respect to wages led to the downfall of the textile industry in Mumbai. The Maharashtra Government asked NTC and Private mills owners to develop the non-operational textile mills only if they give two-thirds of land to the government for the purpose of affordable housing. <br />
<br />
The 2001 amendment made by the then government made things worse. The amendment laid down that only "surplus land" within the mills shall be divided. While, land inhabited by the mill's build-ups would continue remaining with the owners of the mills. <br />
In the absence of such an amendment Mumbai could have received at least 400 acres of land for its development. <br />
<br />
The vacant mills in Mumbai occupy highest valued parts of the city. <br />
They are abandoned and locked keeping away affordable housing and possibilities of development for the city.<br />
From the information available publicly, of 13 abandoned mills in Mumbai lock 155.83 acre of the value ₹ 31,533 crore (valued using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1).<br />
See the map and its accompanying table for more details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Vacant Mill Land in Mumbai''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Gold Mohur||style="text-align:center;"|7.05||style="text-align:right;"|1,427<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills||style="text-align:center;"|28.27||style="text-align:right;"|5,720<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills||style="text-align:center;"|18.05||style="text-align:right;"|3,652<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mill No 1||style="text-align:center;"|19.45||style="text-align:right;"|3,936<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|10.4||style="text-align:right;"|2,104<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7.99||style="text-align:right;"|1,617<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Podar Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.19||style="text-align:right;"|1,253<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Sitaram Mills||style="text-align:center;"|8.43||style="text-align:right;"|1,706<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Digvijay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|9.33||style="text-align:right;"|1,888<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Apollo Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.41||style="text-align:right;"|1,297<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|New City||style="text-align:center;"|6.7||style="text-align:right;"|1,356<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mills No 5 ||style="text-align:center;"|5.56||style="text-align:right;"|1,125<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 155.83 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 31,533 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Wiki_2.0&diff=710Wiki 2.02018-10-26T10:58:38Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: NTC modifed in the table - new page created</p>
<hr />
<div>India has enormous public wealth. This is the wealth that is owned by the people and controlled by the government. The Union, State and local governments in India own massive amount of wealth directly or through various public-sector enterprises, ownership of mineral resources, control of airwaves, and ownership of marine resources within territorial waters of India.<ref>Article 297, Constitution of India, 1950</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Breakup of Dhan Vapsi Fund''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Resource'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value (₹ lakh crore)'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Value per household (₹)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wiki_2.0#Land|Surplus Public Land]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |340||style="text-align:right;"|13,60,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Wiki_2.0#Minerals|Natural Resources]]'''||style="text-align:center;" |1,001||style="text-align:right;"|40,04,000<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ||style="text-align:left;"| Hydrocarbon||style="text-align:center;" |302||style="text-align:right;"|12,08,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mines & Minerals||style="text-align:center;" |678||style="text-align:right;"|27,12,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Radioactive Substances||style="text-align:center;" |21||style="text-align:right;"|84,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left;" style="background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Value of Dhan Vapsi Fund as on February 2018'''|| style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:center;"|'''₹ 1,341 lakh crore'''||style="background:#B9D3EE;text-align:right;"|'''₹ 53,64,000'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:left; background:#B9D3EE;"|'''Durtion Dhan Vapsi Fund can last'''||style="text-align:center; background:#B9D3EE;" colspan="2" |'''53 Years'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Only the mineral resources of India have been estimated to be worth more than ₹5000 lakh crores of wealth according to analysts. This sum is equivalent to over ₹40 lakh per person in India.<ref>Kundu, S. (2014). A Note on the Estimated Value of Government-Owned Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Estimated-Value-of-Government-Owned-Natural-Resources-in-India.pdf</ref> Apart from that, there are thousands of acres of land parcels controlled by the government. By our estimates, the known public wealth of India is over ₹1590 lakh crore, which equals to over ₹50 lakh per Indian family<ref>Assuming that an average Indian family has 5 members. That is 20 percentage points above the average household size in India as per the 2011 Census. </ref>.<br />
This figure is from a very conservative estimate of the wealth of the people. We have taken only 25% of the mineral wealth of the country to arrive at this figure. In addition, the undiscovered public wealth of India is yet to be categorised and valued. Except for [[Defense]] and [[Railways]], most other ministries and departments of the Union Government do not even know how much of land and resources they own <ref>Debroy, Bibek. "All the Sarkar's Land." The Indian Express. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 22, 2018. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/all-the-sarkars-land/. </ref>. <br />
While some of the public resources are being used to support essential government services, most of them are lying idle across the nation due to gross misuse and poor management. <br />
<br />
All governments in India, be it central, state, or local, have contributed to the degradation of resources belonging to the people. When millions of our compatriots live in abject poverty, such a situation is unacceptable.<br />
It is important to note that even though public wealth includes common resources such as roads, government offices, airports, etc. we have not included those resources in the Public Wealth Wiki.<br />
<br />
=Background=<br />
Historically, the ownership of public wealth belonged to the kings in India and most other parts of the world by the invocation of the divine rights or through means of coercion. Presently, the rights over the public wealth belong to the democratically elected Indian government, which is obligated under the constitution to use this wealth for public good.<ref>Article 39 (b) states – “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing ... (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.”</ref> <br />
==Ancient India==<br />
In ancient India, even though the Kings represented the State, the mineral wealth did not vest in them. They were only entitled to receive the taxes or revenue form the production or extraction of minerals.<ref>Indian Bureau of Mines. (2011). Mineral Royalties. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines.</ref> Simultaneously, the ownership of other public resources such as forests and water bodies were shared by the community which relied on them. However, the ownership of mineral resources gradually transferred to the state beginning with the empire of Chandragupta Maurya, particularly as Kautilya<ref>Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, 371-283 BC.</ref> justified state monopoly over mineral resources in his seminal work Arthasastra.<ref>Supra, Note 5.</ref> The ownership of resources other than minerals, such as forests and water bodies, continued to be with the kings or the community in one form or the other across India till the arrival of the British East India Company.<br />
==British India==<br />
The British East India Company started using the power of the state to acquire private property<ref>The power of “Eminent Domain” – Forceful acquisition or requisition of property by the government for public purpose.</ref> for public use as early as 1824 in Bengal and other parts of India. The Bengal Regulation I of 1824 allowed the Company to obtain private properties by paying a fair price for construction of “roads, canals, or other public purposes”<ref>Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). History of Eminent Domain in Colonial Thought and Legal Practice. Economic & Political Weekly, L (50), 46.</ref> when the Company only had limited rights related to taxation and trade as per the powers bestowed on it by the British Crown. Thus, all acquisitions conducted under the Bengal regulation and similar laws in other parts of India were patently illegal until 1857 when the British Crown took over control of India. Following that, the British acquired most of the natural and mineral resources of India; either by acquisition with meagre compensation or by coercion.<br />
Concurrently with the British rule, different princely states in India adopted similar policies with respect to the ownership of public wealth. While some states adopted the state’s ownership of public wealth, others bestowed the ownership to the community. Some states neglected the issue altogether and adopted a non-property attitude towards public wealth and kept it as commons<ref>Cultural or natural resource accessible to all members of the society. </ref>, particularly in case of forests and water bodies.<br />
==Modern India==<br />
The Constitution of India bestows the ownership and control over using resources is in hands of the central and state governments under various articles. However, individuals and corporations can make use of the public resources under a license from the government. <br />
Since independence, there has been no concrete effort by the central or the state governments to define public wealth or regulate the same in a meaningful manner, instead the governments have chosen to deal with the issue on an ad-hoc basis. Noting the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while announcing the judgment on 2G scam in 2012, observed – “no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection.”<ref>Centre for Public Interest Litigation and others v. Union of India and others, (2012) 3 SCC 1</ref> <br />
Given the constitutional provisions, the Indian state is the trustee and legal owner of the public wealth of India under the doctrine of public trust, which "enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes".<ref>M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)1 SCC 388</ref> Natural resources belong to the people, but the State legally owns them on our behalf.<br />
<br />
=Public Wealth of India=<br />
<br />
Public wealth is the sum of the public assets collectively owned by all citizens of the country. The government is the manager of this public wealth.<br />
It comprises of public commercial assets under the government, such as various natural resources, public sector undertakings (PSUs) and commercial real estate. The term ''public'' consists of wealth owned by all the levels of government namely, central, state, and local levels. <br />
''Public assets'' do not comprise ''public property'', which refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as roads and bridges, public parks, protected wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
Public wealth consists of assets or operations generating an income that could be given some kind of market value if properly structured and used. Typical examples include: <br />
* minerals <br />
* real estate such as Lutyens Bungalow Zone (New Delhi), Navy Nagar (Mumbai)<br />
* central and state public sector enterprises<br />
* financial institutions<br />
* land banks available with various state land development authorities and in special economic zones (SEZs)<br />
* land and buildings under the government for provision of non-essential functions <ref> Non-essential functions are those that are not directly connected with the maintenance of law and order, and national security. </ref>.<br />
<br />
The total public wealth recorded from publicly available information is ₹ 1,341 lakh crore (₹ 53,64,000 per household <ref> No. of households – 25 crore (125 crore population [Census 2011] / 5 [size of a household as per GoI]) </ref>) as on October 2018. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
<br />
Land among capital, labour and entrepreneurial skills is one of the four fundamental resources that determines the size and productivity of an economy. <br />
Land in India is suffering from an artificial scarcity created out of a high cost of acquisition from excessive regulations. Major urban land parcels are lying vacant and unused locking valuable land available in the market. <br />
The following calculation points out there is ample land available in the country – <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If one places 1.2 billion people in four-person homes of 1000 square feet each, and two workers of the family into office/factory space of 400 square feet, this requires roughly 1 per cent of India's land area assuming an FSI of 1. <ref> Shah A, [//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19949364.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Economic Times] ‘’ Why real estate is a bad long term investment’’ </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Yet the price of land in a city like Mumbai or Delhi is much more compared to cities like New Jersey.<br />
The government owned land is part of the problem. An estimate holds that governments own as much as __ per cent of total available land in the country [IDF report pick the number/ idea]. This keeps away productive land from falling into private hands for generating revenue and employment. Government bodies like Bombay Port trust own as much as ___ acre of prime property in Mumbai. Bombay port Trust has no land records for ____ amount of property owned by them. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Table 2 and Table 3 point out the surplus land available with various governmnet bodies owned by central and state governments. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 2: Surplus Public Land Under Central Government''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Air India]]||style="text-align:right;"|8,000<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Railways]]||style="text-align:right;"|2,70,406<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Defence]]||style="text-align:right;"|21,53,664<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Department of Posts]]||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Delhi Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;"|1,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] ||style="text-align:right;"|14,560<br />
|-<br />
|7||Directiorate General of Human Resource Development ||style="text-align:right;"|2.2<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hindustan Machines and Tools Ltd.]] ||style="text-align:right;"|997<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]] ||style="text-align:right;"|6,140<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd]] ||style="text-align:right;"|20,224 <br />
|-<br />
|11||[[National Textile Corporation]] ||style="text-align:right;"|25,622<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Port Trusts]] ||style="text-align:right;"|20,02,717<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Richardson & Cruddas]]||style="text-align:right;"|9,824<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Steel Authority of India Limited]]||style="text-align:right;"|58,149<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]]||style="text-align:right;"|19,32,683<br />
|-<br />
|16||[[Navy Nagar]]||style="text-align:right;"|3,00,000<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 68.62 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|'''Table 3: Surplus Public Land Under State Governments''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Body Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 48,480<br />
|-<br />
| 2||[[Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority]] ||style="text-align:right;" |14,848<br />
|-<br />
| 3||[[Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board]]||style="text-align:right;" |6,000<br />
|-<br />
| 4||[[National Capital Region of Delhi|Gram Sabha Land]]||style="text-align:right;" |5,000<br />
|- <br />
| 5||[[State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |3,988<br />
|-<br />
| 6||[[Rajasthan State Industrial Investment and Corporation Limited]] ||style="text-align:right;" |2,645<br />
|-<br />
| 7||[[Assam Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;" |2,350<br />
|-<br />
| 8||Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority||style="text-align:right;" |1,620<br />
|-<br />
| 9||[[Haryana Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;" |1,414<br />
|-<br />
| 10||[[Haldia Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |730<br />
|-<br />
| 11||[[Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |630<br />
|-<br />
| 12||[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority]]||style="text-align:right;" |285<br />
|-<br />
| 13||[[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" |150<br />
|-<br />
| 14||[[Odisha Revenue Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|217.95<br />
|-<br />
| 15||[[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|3,038<br />
|-<br />
| 16||[[Maharashtra Dairy Development Department]]||style="text-align:right;"|INR <br />
|-<br />
| 17||[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"|4,485<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Special Economic Zones]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,47,401 <br />
|-<br />
| 19 ||[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]||style="text-align:right;" | 1,320<br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Gujarat State Warehousing Corporation]]||style="text-align:right;"| 67<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Delhi Gram Sabha]]||style="text-align:right;"| 1,18,453 <br />
|-<br />
| 22 ||[[Aarey Milk Colony]]||style="text-align:right;"| 8,00,000<br />
|-<br />
| 23 ||[[Haryana Irrigation Department]]||style="text-align:right;"| 4,899<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 11.65 lakh crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
<br />
Main Article: [[Minerals]]<br />
<br />
The total value of the mineral resources of the country is estimated to be ₹5000 lakh crore. However, this number is highly conservative. The central or state governments do not have a dedicated database which lists all the resources under their control with the appropriate market values. The number also excludes the unexplored resources and spectrum under control of our governments. The number was calculated by using data available in the public domain by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a public-policy think tank based in New Delhi. <ref>Supra Note 4. </ref> The calculation only includes – <br />
i. Stocks of hydrocarbons in the country such as coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, etc. and ii. Major mined and mineral resources stock in the country. <ref>Ibid. page 2.</ref><br />
According to an estimate by Schlumberger in 2015, India holds a minimum of 300 trillion cubic feet (Tfc) of gas and oil resources. An estimate of US Geological Survey reveals that India might be the world's second-largest holder of gas hydrate reserves. The total amount of reserves that India has can be between 300 and 2,100 (Tfc) as per the estimate by Schlumberger in 2015.<br />
According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the total 4.67 billion cubic meter (BCM) of natural gas was produced by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Company (OIC) and Private Joint Ventures in the year 2017-18. These companies have been producing natural gas from fields/blocks located in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas is about 198 BCM in North-Eastern states. <ref>"Gas Reserves in Assam and Other North-Eastern States." Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. August 1, 2018. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181318..</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Special Economic Zones==<br />
Main Article: [[Special Economic Zones]]<br />
<br />
According to Report number 21 of 2014 of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on Performance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),<ref>Performance Audit of Special Economic Zones SEZs of Union Government, Department of Revenue - Indirect Taxes, Customs.Report no. 21. Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-21-2014-performance-audit-special-economic-zones-sezs-union-government-department. </ref> below are some instances of how the land allotted for SEZs was misused and diverted. This is especially important in the light of the discussion happening around the Land Acquisition Ordinance of the NDA government.<br />
Diversion of SEZ land for commercial purposes: 14% of land i.e., out of 39245.56 hectares of land notified in the six States10, 5402.22 hectares was diverted for commercial purposes after de-notification. Many tracts of these lands were acquired invoking the ‘public purpose’ clause. Thus, land acquired was not serving the objectives of the SEZ act. This is one of the fears with the new Land Acquisition Ordinance. How does the Government ensure that the land acquired is not misused by private parties? <br />
According to the CAG, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 have become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for 2 to 7 years.<br />
<br />
=Methodology=<br />
==Land values and Floor Space Index==<br />
The Floor Space Index (FSI) is the ratio between the area of a covered floor space (built-up area) to the area of that plot on which a building stands. An index of 1 implies that the total covered floor space is 1000 Sq. Ft. on a plot of 1000 Sq. Ft. The Floor Space Index in New Delhi ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 meaning that 1200 to 3500 Sq. Ft. of floor space is available for every 1000 Sq. Ft. plot there. <br />
All the value of unused public land is calculated based on the FSI value of 1. The rates for the land have been calculated according to the prevailing rates of rural, semi-urban, and urban land in the country.<br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
The estimated values of the mineral resources are based on a detailed study done by the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, a think-tank based in New Delhi, in 2014. The author of the report has mentioned that he calculated the value of minerals based on the information from the public domain from various governmental and non-governmental agencies. <br />
<br />
==Land==<br />
The data on the unused public lands was collected by researchers at Free A Billion from authoritative governmental and non-governmental sources. These sources include Parliamentary Questions, data collected by various NGOs and think-tanks, government databases, information available from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
<gallery><br />
Example.jpg|Caption1<br />
Example.jpg|Caption2<br />
</gallery></div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Textile_Mills_in_Mumbai&diff=709Textile Mills in Mumbai2018-10-26T10:56:46Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added references</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
The National Textile Corporation is a Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE), established in April 1968. <br />
The main purpose of the company is to re-establish the sick textile undertakings in the private sector. <br />
The Textile mills were nationalized under Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalization) Act 1974. The National Textile Corporation owned around 16 textile mills in 1968, which increased to 103 in the year 1972.<br />
By the year 1995, the company owned 119 Textile Mills with an authorized capital of ₹100 million.<br />
<br />
NTC happens to be among the largest landholders in the country with most land parcels in central and prime urban spaces. <br />
The total land with NTC from information gathered from publicly available sources is 1,158 acres with a value of ₹ 25,622 crore (estimated using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1). <br />
See map and its accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC all 01.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> 13th Report to Lok Sabha, [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Labour/16_Labour_30.pdf "Land Assets Management in National Textile Corporation"], '''NTC''', 2017</ref><br />
'''National Textile Corporation (NTC)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mill <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Malout||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Victoria Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|31||style="text-align:right;"|63<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Muir Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Swadesh Cotton Mills Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|54||style="text-align:right;"|109<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Luxmi Ratan Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|13||style="text-align:right;"|26<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Atherton Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Chandrapur||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|142<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Bijli Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Mahalaxmi Mills Beawar||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|32<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Bijaynagar Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Swadeshi Cotton Mill||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Bihar Cooperative Mills Mokameh||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Udaipur ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Manindra B.T. Tex. Mills Cossimbazar||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Bhopal||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Hira Mills Ujjain||style="text-align:center;"|72||style="text-align:right;"|146<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Viramgam||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmedabad||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|16<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kalyanmal Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Indore||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Sodepur Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|18<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Petlad Mills||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Burhan Tapti Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|RSRG Mills Akola ||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|1,619<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Indu Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|3,237<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|2,833<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|2,023<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Sita Ram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Barshi Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|MSK Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|38||style="text-align:right;"|414<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Anantpur Mills Tadaptatri||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Tolahunse ||style="text-align:center;"|138||style="text-align:right;"|1,503<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Tirupat Cotton Mills Renigunta ||style="text-align:center;"|41||style="text-align:right;"|83<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Mysore Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|3||style="text-align:right;"|33<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Minerva Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|29||style="text-align:right;"|316<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Pioneer Spinners ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Somasunaram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore Spg& Wpg Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|18||style="text-align:right;"|36<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills B unit||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 1,158 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 25,622 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Textiles Mills in Mumbai==<br />
<br><br />
The textile mills owned by the National Textile Corporation in Mumbai have closed down for decades. <br />
These abondoned mills are sitting on huge tracts of land which can be used for many other productive purposes of industrialization, commercialization, affordable housing, or educational institutions.<br />
Mumbai was the land of 56 textile mills occupying around 600 acres of land and providing employment opportunities to more than 2.5 lakh workers. After 1982 the issues arising between the workers union and textile mills owners with respect to wages led to the downfall of the textile industry in Mumbai. The Maharashtra Government asked NTC and Private mills owners to develop the non-operational textile mills only if they give two-thirds of land to the government for the purpose of affordable housing. <br />
<br />
The 2001 amendment made by the then government made things worse. The amendment laid down that only "surplus land" within the mills shall be divided. While, land inhabited by the mill's build-ups would continue remaining with the owners of the mills. <br />
In the absence of such an amendment Mumbai could have received at least 400 acres of land for its development. <br />
<br />
The vacant mills in Mumbai occupy highest valued parts of the city. <br />
They are abandoned and locked keeping away affordable housing and possibilities of development for the city.<br />
From the information available publicly, of 13 abandoned mills in Mumbai lock 155.83 acre of the value ₹ 31,533 crore (valued using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1).<br />
See the map and its accompanying table for more details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Vacant Mill Land in Mumbai''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Gold Mohur||style="text-align:center;"|7.05||style="text-align:right;"|1,427<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills||style="text-align:center;"|28.27||style="text-align:right;"|5,720<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills||style="text-align:center;"|18.05||style="text-align:right;"|3,652<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mill No 1||style="text-align:center;"|19.45||style="text-align:right;"|3,936<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|10.4||style="text-align:right;"|2,104<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7.99||style="text-align:right;"|1,617<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Podar Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.19||style="text-align:right;"|1,253<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Sitaram Mills||style="text-align:center;"|8.43||style="text-align:right;"|1,706<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Digvijay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|9.33||style="text-align:right;"|1,888<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Apollo Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.41||style="text-align:right;"|1,297<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|New City||style="text-align:center;"|6.7||style="text-align:right;"|1,356<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mills No 5 ||style="text-align:center;"|5.56||style="text-align:right;"|1,125<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 155.83 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 31,533 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Textile_Mills_in_Mumbai&diff=708Textile Mills in Mumbai2018-10-26T10:55:31Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added table and put in text entry</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
The National Textile Corporation is a Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE), established in April 1968. <br />
The main purpose of the company is to re-establish the sick textile undertakings in the private sector. <br />
The Textile mills were nationalized under Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalization) Act 1974. The National Textile Corporation owned around 16 textile mills in 1968, which increased to 103 in the year 1972.<br />
By the year 1995, the company owned 119 Textile Mills with an authorized capital of ₹100 million.<br />
<br />
NTC happens to be among the largest landholders in the country with most land parcels in central and prime urban spaces. <br />
The total land with NTC from information gathered from publicly available sources is 1,158 acres with a value of ₹ 25,622 crore (estimated using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1). <br />
See map and its accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC all 01.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> 13th Report to Lok Sabha, [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Labour/16_Labour_30.pdf "Land Assets Management in National Textile Corporation"], '''NTC''', 2017</ref><br />
'''National Textile Corporation (NTC)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Mill <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Malout||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Victoria Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|31||style="text-align:right;"|63<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Muir Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Swadesh Cotton Mills Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|54||style="text-align:right;"|109<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Luxmi Ratan Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|13||style="text-align:right;"|26<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Atherton Mills Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Chandrapur||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|142<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Bijli Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Mahalaxmi Mills Beawar||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|32<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Bijaynagar Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Swadeshi Cotton Mill||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Bihar Cooperative Mills Mokameh||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Udaipur ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Manindra B.T. Tex. Mills Cossimbazar||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Bhopal||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Hira Mills Ujjain||style="text-align:center;"|72||style="text-align:right;"|146<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Viramgam||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|28<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmedabad||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|16<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kalyanmal Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Indore||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Sodepur Cotton Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|18<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Petlad Mills||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Burhan Tapti Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|RSRG Mills Akola ||style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|1,619<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Indu Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|3,237<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|2,833<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|2,023<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|1,416<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Sita Ram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|2,226<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Barshi Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|MSK Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|38||style="text-align:right;"|414<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Anantpur Mills Tadaptatri||style="text-align:center;"|44||style="text-align:right;"|89<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Tolahunse ||style="text-align:center;"|138||style="text-align:right;"|1,503<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Tirupat Cotton Mills Renigunta ||style="text-align:center;"|41||style="text-align:right;"|83<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Mysore Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|3||style="text-align:right;"|33<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Minerva Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|29||style="text-align:right;"|316<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Pioneer Spinners ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Somasunaram Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|6||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore Spg& Wpg Mills ||style="text-align:center;"|18||style="text-align:right;"|36<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Kaleswarrar Mills B unit||style="text-align:center;"|53||style="text-align:right;"|107<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 1,158 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 25,622 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Textiles Mills in Mumbai==<br />
<br><br />
The textile mills owned by the National Textile Corporation in Mumbai have closed down for decades. <br />
These abondoned mills are sitting on huge tracts of land which can be used for many other productive purposes of industrialization, commercialization, affordable housing, or educational institutions.<br />
Mumbai was the land of 56 textile mills occupying around 600 acres of land and providing employment opportunities to more than 2.5 lakh workers. After 1982 the issues arising between the workers union and textile mills owners with respect to wages led to the downfall of the textile industry in Mumbai. The Maharashtra Government asked NTC and Private mills owners to develop the non-operational textile mills only if they give two-thirds of land to the government for the purpose of affordable housing. <br />
<br />
The 2001 amendment made by the then government made things worse. The amendment laid down that only "surplus land" within the mills shall be divided. While, land inhabited by the mill's build-ups would continue remaining with the owners of the mills. <br />
In the absence of such an amendment Mumbai could have received at least 400 acres of land for its development. <br />
<br />
The vacant mills in Mumbai occupy highest valued parts of the city. <br />
They are abandoned and locked keeping away affordable housing and possibilities of development for the city.<br />
From the information available publicly, of 13 abandoned mills in Mumbai lock 155.83 acre of the value ₹ 31,533 crore (valued using conservative land prices and an FSI of only 1).<br />
See the map and its accompanying table for more details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:NTC.png|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Vacant Mill Land in Mumbai''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Kohinoor Mills||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|4,452<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Gold Mohur||style="text-align:center;"|7.05||style="text-align:right;"|1,427<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Tata Mills||style="text-align:center;"|28.27||style="text-align:right;"|5,720<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Madhusudan Mills||style="text-align:center;"|18.05||style="text-align:right;"|3,652<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mill No 1||style="text-align:center;"|19.45||style="text-align:right;"|3,936<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Finlay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|10.4||style="text-align:right;"|2,104<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Jam Mills||style="text-align:center;"|7.99||style="text-align:right;"|1,617<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Podar Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.19||style="text-align:right;"|1,253<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Sitaram Mills||style="text-align:center;"|8.43||style="text-align:right;"|1,706<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Digvijay Mills||style="text-align:center;"|9.33||style="text-align:right;"|1,888<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Apollo Mills||style="text-align:center;"|6.41||style="text-align:right;"|1,297<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|New City||style="text-align:center;"|6.7||style="text-align:right;"|1,356<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|India United Mills No 5 ||style="text-align:center;"|5.56||style="text-align:right;"|1,125<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 155.83 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 31,533 crore'''<br />
|}</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Dairy_Development_Department&diff=703Maharashtra Dairy Development Department2018-10-26T09:25:20Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: Inserted table and writing</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
In the year 1951, the first Dairy in Asia was established in Aarey Milk, Mumbai, with the aim of providing sterilized milk to the citizens of the city.<br />
<br />
A separate Dairy Development Department was set up in the year 1958 to establish the necessary infrastructure for the development of dairy farming across the state.<br />
<br />
In Greater Mumbai, there are three dairies of Aarey, Worli and Kurla and it is managed by the General Manager, Greater Bombay Dudh Yojana. <br />
<br />
The dairy plants and machinery have not been upgraded for years, leading to its production capacity remaining grossly underused. In fact, the machinery, bought from Denmark nearly 45 years ago, has not seen an upgrade since the dairy’s inception. Most of the equipment at the three units has not even undergone servicing. <br />
<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/articles/are-politicians-milking-aarey-dry-to-sell-rs-4000-crore-land/15473197</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Aarey Milk Colony==<br />
<br><br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarey_Milk_Colony| Aarey Milk Colony] at Goregaon (East) was established in 1949 and in 1951 the dairy at Aarey was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Aarey Milk Colony.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%||<br />
'''Allocation of Land within Aarey Milk Colony''' <br />
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Land Allotment'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 110px;" | '''Area (acre)'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;" | Central Government || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|229.92<br />
|-<br />
| Central Poultry Farm<br />
|-<br />
| Modern Bakery<br />
|-<br />
| National Dairy Development Board<br />
|-<br />
| RBI<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;" |Maharashtra State Government||rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|729.12<br />
|-<br />
| Mumbai Veterinary College<br />
|-<br />
| SRP<br />
|-<br />
| MHADA<br />
|-<br />
| MCGB<br />
|-<br />
| Film City<br />
|-<br />
| Fishery Department<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;" |Roads and Buildings|| style="text-align:center;"|460<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;" |Uncultivated and Waste Land|| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|1020.2<br />
|-<br />
| Nullahs<br />
|-<br />
| Lake<br />
|-<br />
| Farm Bunds<br />
|-<br />
| Farm Roads<br />
|-<br />
| River Channels<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;" | Lawns, Gardens, Paragrass, Orchards ||style="text-align:center;"|537<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0;"| Social Forestry Land & others||style="text-align:center;" |183<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#C0C0C0;"| Total||style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;"|3159.24 acre<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
The Aarey Milk Colony occupies a total area of 3,166 acres of land, leased out to various organizations and institutions. A large land parcel is used for animal grazing. <br />
Its value (conservative estimates) i ₹ 8 lakh crore <ref> Calculation: Area x Land Price - 1,60,00,000 sq. metre (16 sq.km) x ₹ 5,00,000 /sq. metre = ₹ 800000 crore </ref> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Worli Dairy==<br />
<br><br />
The Worli Dairy, established in 1961 has been running losses and is a sick unit.<br />
It occupies 14 acres of prime real estate on Worli Seaface.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Worli Dairy.png|frameless| thumbnail| 800px |Worli Dairy]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The land parcel is estimated to fetch approximately ₹10,000 crore as per current commercial real estate rates.<br />
<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/government-mulls-worli-dairy-sale-to-fund-metro-revive-aarey/story-M6nhyXNHiV0CF1OaTPJEPI.html</ref><br />
<br><br />
There have been several plans made in the past to put the locked land to better use, but to no avail. <br />
Some of these failed plans are listed below:<br />
<br><br />
* ''2018'': Plans to sell the land to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and talks conducted with chief minister Devendra Fadnavis, who heads up MMRDA, on this subject. <br />
It is reported that “if it works out, it would be a government-to-government sale”. <br />
With a government to government transfer this prime urban land shall continue to remain locked. <br />
Being public land the only way to monetise it is by freeing it for private investment. <br />
<br><br />
* ''2014'': There was a plan floated for turning the land into a convention centre in the city. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) had come up with a plan to build a "world class convention centre"" in Worli. <br />
This plan, however, never saw the light of the day.<ref>http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/state-plans-convention-centre-at-worli-dairy/778863 </ref><br />
<br><br />
* ''2012'': The State planned to set up a Rs 150 crore oceanarium on the land. <br />
An oceanarium was to be a large seawater aquarium in which marine animals would be kept for study and public entertainment. <br />
The fisheries commissioner stated that the site of Taraporewala Aquarium was too small for creating such a sea park and that Worli dairy fit the bill. This plan, never took off leaving the valuable land abandoned. <ref>https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/iconic-worli-dairy-to-make-way-for-oceanarium/articleshow/16214159.cms<br />
</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Kurla Dairy==<br />
<br><br />
the Kurla dairy has been shut since 2014, purportedly for overhaul of machinery. <br />
Hiring has been on hold for the last few decades and there are no signs of it resuming. <br />
From the dairy’s existing staff of 1,800, over 1,100 employees have been shown as surplus.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Kurla Dairy.png|frameless|thumbnail|800px| Kurla Dairy]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Aarey’s Kurla dairy is spread over 25 acres of land and infrastructural developments around it have bumped up the plot’s market value. The land holds the value of more than Rs. 1,000 crore.<br />
It is at proximity to the Kurla railway terminus and the State Transport bus depot in Nehru Nagar.<br />
The land parcel is well connected with the newly constructed Santacruz-Chembur Link Road passing through it, making it a prime urban land being wasted.<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/articles/are-politicians-milking-aarey-dry-to-sell-rs-4000-crore-land/15473197</ref> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Dairy_Development_Department&diff=677Maharashtra Dairy Development Department2018-10-26T05:45:56Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: added aarey milk colony to it</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Worli Dairy.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Kurla Dairy.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Aarey Milk Colony.png|center]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Value: ₹ 8 lakh crore <ref> Calculation: Area x Land Price - 1,60,00,000 sq. metre (16 sq.km) x ₹ 5,00,000 /sq. metre = ₹ 800000 crore </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Port_Trusts&diff=676Port Trusts2018-10-26T05:43:13Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: /* Mumbai Port Trust */ minor edits to the table</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
India has thirteen major ports. All the major port trusts report to the central Ministry of Shipping.<br />
Twelve of the major port trusts are organised under the Major Ports Trust Act (1963). <br />
In addition, there are about 200 state-government and private ports in India. <br />
Major Ports Trusts hold more than 2.5 lakh acres of land, out of this 15,550 acres is vacant, without any plans for future port operations <ref> Patricia Clarke Annez Shubhashis Gangopadhyay, ed. India’s Public Lands: Responsive, Transparent, and Fiscally Responsible Asset Management. Report. 1-253. </ref>. These land parcels lock key urban areas. The largest part of the total consists of tidal land at Kandla Port.<br />
<br><br />
A conservative estimate of the surplus land available with major ports is 27,379 acre valued at ₹ 20,02,717 crore (assuming an FSI of only 1). See the map and its accompanying table for individual estimates. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Port Trust.png|frame|center]]<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Individual Port Trusts and Ministry of Shipping </ref><br />
'''Port Trust of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Port <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Paradip||style="text-align:center;"|534||style="text-align:right;"|1,080<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|1859||style="text-align:right;"|3,76,156<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Jawaharlal Nehru||style="text-align:center;"|7576||style="text-align:right;"|15,32,950<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Vaishakapatnam||style="text-align:center;"|587||style="text-align:right;"|1,187<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Mormugao||style="text-align:center;"|6328||style="text-align:right;"|12,804<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Ennore||style="text-align:center;"|1047||style="text-align:right;"|2,118<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|2035||style="text-align:right;"|35,460<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|New Manglore||style="text-align:center;"|2928||style="text-align:right;"|31,887<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Cochin||style="text-align:center;"|2353||style="text-align:right;"|4,761<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Tuticorin||style="text-align:center;"|2132||style="text-align:right;"|4,314<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 27,379 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 20,02,717 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
==Mumbai Port Trust==<br />
<br><br />
Mumbai Port Trust Mumbai Port Trust owns most valuable land in India. <br />
It owns close to 2,000 acres which form about one-sixth of the total island and is of a great financial value. <br />
As a port, Mumbai has been a relative decline for 30 years.<br />
In 2010-11 the port posted a net deficit of Rs. 438 crores. <br />
Mumbai port trust's land leases from Taj Mahal Hotel and Royal Bombay Yacht Club to abandoned textile mills and half warehouses of cotton green.<br />
Mumbai port trust also owns the major land of Ballard Estate. <br />
Mumbai Port Trust had over 2900 leases across 2466 tenants as of August 1, 2011. <br />
According to the Mumbai Port Trust's website, total land of MPBT leased is in the table adjacent. <br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 33%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Total Land of MbPT Leased'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Lessee<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
|-<br />
| Central Government||324<br />
|-<br />
| State Government||12<br />
|-<br />
| Private Parties||341<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 676 acre'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Mumbai Port Trust’s land operations are non-transparent. <br />
In many cases, MBPT is able to receive no rent. It is estimated that MPBT is able to collect only about 30 percent of its billed rent. <br />
After accounting for operating and other costs the net surplus from estate activity amounted to Rs 18.25 crores (2010-11), a small value given the valuable properties leased out. Many of the leases which have expired have not been renewed.<br />
As of September 2002, there were 1900 cases pending in various courts. The lack of publicly available information permits corrupt land dealings to occur.<br />
<br><br />
The Port Trust has not prepared a Land Use Plan as required by national policy. <br />
Centrally-controlled institutions rarely volunteer that they have surplus land.<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 75%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Total Defence Land Allocation'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Land Use <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Usage <br />
|-<br />
| 1||Port activities||1,048|| Includes custom docks, land at Butcher Island, Land used for roads and railway networks. Includes operational area encroached by slums<br />
|-<br />
| 2||Estate lettings||685|| Includes petroleum and oil sectors (2.8%), defence (1%), FCI/PSU/Government agencies (4.8%) and other commercial and residential users (91.4%)<br />
|-<br />
| 3||Estate let out plots||197|| - <br />
|-<br />
| 4||Vacant Land at Titwala||70|| -<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,000 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
According to an estimate made by George Peterson and Vasudha Thawakar <ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure: Centrally Controlled Landholdings, IDF</ref> If only 500 acres of MbPT’s 1860 acres can be managed, over the long run, according to economic and urban development principle, it can fetch a value of roughly Rs. 1.25 lakh crore, <br />
<br><br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_State_Industrial_Development_Corporation&diff=675Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation2018-10-25T12:56:16Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: inserted table - made edits</p>
<hr />
<div>The Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) was established on March 29, 1961. <br />
UPSIDC functions under the management of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Industrial Development. <br />
The main functions of UPSIDC are to facilitate infrastructure facilities and services to entrepreneurs for setting up industries for economic growth of Uttar Pradesh. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The total area of land lying vacant under UPSIDC is 1,508 acres (or 1,142 football fields). <br />
The total value of vacant land held by UPSIDC is ₹ 3,038 crore. <ref>http://www.onlineupsidc.com/IndustrialAreas.aspx</ref> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) pointed out that during 2012-13 to 2013-14, UPSIDC had a target to develop 1,662 acres of industrial land, but UPSIDC failed to meet its targets and developed only 190 acres of land.<br />
Resulting in a shortfall of 88 per cent. <ref>https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Overview_1.pdf</ref><br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
The CAG also revealed that during these years UPSIDC incurred an expenditure ₹ 27 crore for upgrading and maintaining of industrial areas. However, as per the operating manual the upgradation work taken up by UPSIDC was not permitted.<br />
As a result, an expenditure of ₹ 27 crore remained unfruitful. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Government of Uttar Pradesh acquired vast tracts of land in the name of industrial development and did not develop them, instead kept them vacant. The corporation also inefficiently wasted taxpayer’s money in upgrading industrial areas eventually lying vacant. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Such land parcels are left unused and are restricting urban expansion and development in major cities. <br />
Refer to the map and its accompanying table for details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:UPSIDC.png|frame|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation, [http://onlineupsidc.com/IndustrialAreas.aspx "UPSIDC"]</ref><br />
'''Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Saharanpur||style="text-align:center;"|2||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Muzaffar Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|12||style="text-align:right;"|23<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Baghpat||style="text-align:center;"|5||style="text-align:right;"|10<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Amroha||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Moradabad||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|74<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Rampur||style="text-align:center;"|2||style="text-align:right;"|3<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Ghaziabad||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|22<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Sambhal||style="text-align:center;"|87||style="text-align:right;"|175<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Gautam Budh Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:right;"|29<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Aligarh||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|46<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Shahjahanpur||style="text-align:center;"|67||style="text-align:right;"|135<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Hathras||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Etah||style="text-align:center;"|16||style="text-align:right;"|33<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura||style="text-align:center;"|376||style="text-align:right;"|760<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Farrukhabad||style="text-align:center;"|167||style="text-align:right;"|337<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Manipuri||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Hardoi||style="text-align:center;"|124||style="text-align:right;"|250<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Baraban||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|67<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Sant Kabir Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Auraiya||style="text-align:center;"|138||style="text-align:right;"|278<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Unnao||style="text-align:center;"|29||style="text-align:right;"|58<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur Dehat||style="text-align:center;"|5||style="text-align:right;"|9<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raebareli||style="text-align:center;"|2||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Jalaun||style="text-align:center;"|29||style="text-align:right;"|58<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Amethi||style="text-align:center;"|253||style="text-align:right;"|511<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mau||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Fatehpur||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|19<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Banda||style="text-align:center;"|4||style="text-align:right;"|9<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|17<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Varanasi||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 1,508 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 3,038 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Bihar_Industrial_Area_Development_Auhtority&diff=674Bihar Industrial Area Development Auhtority2018-10-25T12:40:09Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: inserted table - made edits</p>
<hr />
<div>The Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA) was established in the year 1974 under the statutory provision of the Bihar Industrial Development Act 1974. BIADA functions under the management of Department of Industries, Government of Bihar. <br />
It was formed with an aim to provide planned industrial areas and promote industrial and infrastructure development for the state.<br />
<br><br />
<br>BIADA has about 52 industrial areas comprising of industrial estates, growth centres, and industrial parks under four regional offices - Patna, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, and Darbhanga.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
The total area of land lying vacant under BIADA is 144 acres (or more than 100 football fields) across the state. <br />
The total value of this vacant land is ₹ 272 crore. <ref>https://www.biadabihar.in/allotable-plots-with-rate</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) point out several irregularities in the functioning of BIADA with respect to allotment of plots. Between 2002 and 2012 BIADA received around 3,722 applications out of which BIADA allotted land to only 2,049 applicants. CAG revealed that the allotment of land made by BIADA was arbitrary and discriminatory, as it was decided that plots will be auctioned instead of allocating them on a first-come, first served basis.<br />
But, CAG observed that BIADA still continued to practice the first-come, first served method. <br />
There were instances where 317 acres of land was allotted to 83 applicants without meeting the requirement of project profile reports. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CAG-detects-flaws-in-BIADA-plot-allotment/articleshow/21540709.cms</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In Patna, 174 applications were presented without any documentation before the Project Clearance Committee. <br />
CAG stated that the land was not given for industrial purposes and in some cases, excess land was allotted as against the prescribed norms. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
This shows how bureaucrats working in BIADA extract rents and misuse public land for their individual gains compromising in developing industries. These unused and misused land-parcels should be free from the control of bureaucrats so that they can be used for productive purposes and for contributing to the economic development of Bihar. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Refer to the table and its accompanying map for details. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:BIADA.png|900px|left|Bihar Industrial Development Authority]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority, [https://www.biadabihar.in/allotable-plots-with-rate "BIADA"]</ref><br />
'''Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Ramnagar||style="text-align:center;"|3||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Sitamarhi||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Pandaul||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Donar||style="text-align:center;"|12||style="text-align:right;"|18<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Muzzafarpur ||style="text-align:center;"|15||style="text-align:right;"|24<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Murliganj||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Maranga ||style="text-align:center;"|12||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Udakisanganj||style="text-align:center;"|3||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Patna ||style="text-align:center;"|33||style="text-align:right;"|66<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Bihiya||style="text-align:center;"|11||style="text-align:right;"|39<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Kathiar||style="text-align:center;"|4||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Fatuha||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Jamalpur||style="text-align:center;"|9||style="text-align:right;"|19<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Barari||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|3<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Biharsharif||style="text-align:center;"|2||style="text-align:right;"|9<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Dehri||style="text-align:center;"|7||style="text-align:right;"|13<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Barun||style="text-align:center;"|1||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|19||style="text-align:right;"|30<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 144 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 273 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=State_Infrastructure_and_Industrial_Development_Corporation_of_Uttarakahnd_Limited&diff=672State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakahnd Limited2018-10-25T11:59:10Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: editing</p>
<hr />
<div>The State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIIDCUL) was established in the year 2002. The main function of SIIDCUL is to create an atmosphere for private-players by providing them financial assistance, speedy clearances and specialized consultancy for setting up industries in the state. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The total area of land lying unused under SIIDCUL is 2,016 acre (or about 1,500 football fields). <br />
The total value of these unused land parcels is ₹ 3,917 crore. <ref>https://www.siidcul.com/about/siidcul</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
1,759 acres of land of the value ₹ 3,561 crore is lying vacant in IIE SitarGanj Phase-II at Uddham Singh Nagar. <br />
Another 198 acres of land of the value ₹ 281 crore in IIE Kashipur at Uddham Singh Nagar is kept vacant.<br />
In IIE Kotdwar at Pauri Garhwal around 59 acres of land of the value ₹ 145 crore is lying unused. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) pointed out huge irregularities in the functioning of SIIDCUL.<br />
In 2006, SIIDCUL allotted two plots to two companies for the production of helmets and pesticides in Pantnagar Industrial Area. <br />
The condition laid was for these two companies to start the production by September 2008. <br />
However, these two companies did not start any production on the land allotted to them and neither did SIIDCUL cancel their allotment. <br />
These companies were also granted the benefit of concessions in power tariffs which caused the taxpayers and the government of Uttarakhand a loss ₹ 4.30 crore <ref>http://www.enewsdesk.in/2016/11/22/cagreportuttarakhand-21-11-16</ref>. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
SIIDCUL had acquired a large chunk of land in the name of Industrial Development and ended up misusing it by giving undue benefits to few companies.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
If this large chunk of unused and misused land parcels are unlocked from the control of SIIDCUL then it can be put to use for many other productive purposes in the state of Uttarakhand.<br />
Refer to map and its accompanying table for details.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:SIIDCUL.png|900px|left|State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited]]<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 70%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited , [https://www.siidcul.com/ "SIIDCUL"] </ref><br />
'''State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIIDCUL)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Location <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Pauri Garhwal - IIE Kotdwar||style="text-align:center;"|59||style="text-align:right;"|145<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|UddhamSingh Nagar - IIE Kashipur||style="text-align:center;"|198||style="text-align:right;"|281<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Uddham Singh Nagar - IIE Sitarganj Phase II||style="text-align:center;"|1,759||style="text-align:right;"|3,561<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,016 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 3,987 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited&diff=671Steel Authority of India Limited2018-10-25T11:49:24Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: editing</p>
<hr />
<div>The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was established on January 24, 1973 <ref>https://www.sail.co.in/</ref>. <br />
The company operates under the management of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. <br />
SAIL is the largest steel-making company in India. It has five major steel plants across the country which includes Rourkela Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel Plant, IISCO Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant, and the Bhilai Steel Plant. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
According to Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), the total land held by the five steel plants of SAIL is 101598 acres.<br />
As of March 2017, the company possessed title deeds of only 48,918 acres of land (48 per cent) of the 1,01,598 acres of land held by the five steel plants of SAIL.<ref>https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf</ref><br />
A huge portion of land under the control of these five steel plants across the country is kept unused and is under encroachment. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 45%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Encroached Land in Steel Plants '''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
|-<br />
|1||style="text-align:center;"|IISCO||style="text-align:center;"|20<br />
|-<br />
|2||style="text-align:center;"|Rourkela||style="text-align:center;"|391<br />
|-<br />
|3||style="text-align:center;"|Bhillai ||style="text-align:center;"|510<br />
|-<br />
|4||style="text-align:center;"|Durgapur||style="text-align:center;"|1,163<br />
|-<br />
|5||style="text-align:center;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|1,932<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 14,016 acre'''<br />
|}<br />
CAG has pointed out that out of the total 10,158 acres of land held by these five steel plants, around 29,008 acres of land (or more than 20,000 football fields) is either leased, surplus, or encroached. The auditor also revealed that the company did not make any master plan for the utilization of these surplus land parcels. <br />
<br><br />
The total value of such unused, encroached, and leased land parcels held by the company is ₹ 58,149 crore. <br />
<br><br />
If these unused, leased, and encroached land parcels are monetized then each Indian household may stand to gain ₹ 23,277. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
This shows that the government cannot even protect their own land from encroachments. On the other hand, the company even kept a large chunk of valuable land unused in major cities. There is a possibility that SAIL holds more such unused or encroached parcels of land across the country.<br />
Refer to the map and accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:SAIL.png|900px|left]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Steel Authority of India Limited [https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_11_of_2018_-_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf "SAIL"]</ref><br />
'''Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Plant <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|IISCO Steel Plant Burnpur||style="text-align:center;"|432||style="text-align:right;"|874<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|14513||style="text-align:right;"|28,820<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Durgapur Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|5252||style="text-align:right;"|10,627<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Rourkela Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|4952||style="text-align:right;"|10,020<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Bhilai Steel Plant||style="text-align:center;"|3859||style="text-align:right;"|7,808<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 29,008 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 58,149 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Haryana_State_Industrial_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&diff=670Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation2018-10-25T11:31:15Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: editing</p>
<hr />
<div>Haryana State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation (HSIIDC) was established on 8th March 1967, <br />
under the provision of the Companies Act, 1956. <ref>http://hsiidc.org.in/</ref> <br />
HSIIDC is a state-owned agency of Government of Haryana headquartered at Panchkula. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The main objectives of HSIIDC are to promote industrial and infrastructure development in Haryana, under the management of the Department of Industries and Commerce. HSIIDC acquired vast tracts of land at prime locations for carrying out industrial activities and infrastructure projects but kept them unused. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
According to Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), HSIIDC acquired 7,540 acres of land (equal to 5,712 football fields) of the value ₹ 4,485 crore between 2006 to 2013. <br />
The purpose of acquiring the land was for setting-up industries and carrying out infrastructure projects<ref>http://aghr.cag.gov.in/Commercial_16_17_ENG.pdf</ref>. <br />
The land was acquired to give a boost to the MSME sector under the Industrial Policy 2011-2015 of the Haryana Government. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In 2006, HSIIDC acquired 668 acres of land of the value ₹ 368 crore in Manesar for the development of Phase-V in Industrial Model Township. In the same year, the company acquired 1,590 acres of land of the value ₹ 1,619 crore for setting up an SEZ in Gurugram, Haryana.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In 2008, another 385 acres of land was acquired by the company for institutional purpose in Rai, a district in Haryana.<br />
In 2011, HSIIDC acquired yet another 195 acres of land of the value ₹ 77 crore in Bahadurgarh for setting up a sewerage treatment plant and a 2100 MW gas-based power plant. <br />
In 2013, 3,201 acres of land was acquired value at ₹ 1,577 crore for the development of Industrial Model Township in Kharakoda near Sonepat.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
All of the above-specified lands were never brought to any use after acquisitions. <br />
CAG revealed that no development has been taken up on the acquired land as on March 2017. The auditor general pointed out the reason behind the non-utilization of the huge tracts of land acquired by HSIIDC to be a severe lack of planning and implementation on the organisation's end.<br />
The company also failed to achieve its goal of giving a boost to MSMEs in the state of Haryana. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
HSIIDC is a stark example of agencies who in the name of industrial park development, acquire huge tracts of land at prime locations only to end up misusing them. <br />
This restricts development and creates an artificial scarcity of land in major cities. <br />
Refer to the map and accompanying table for details. <br />
<br />
[[File:HSIIDC.png|left|sub| Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> HSIIDC [http://aghr.cag.gov.in/Commercial_16_17_ENG.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Sonepat||style="text-align:center;"|3,201||style="text-align:right;"|1,577<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Rai||style="text-align:center;"|385||style="text-align:right;"|110<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Bahadurgarh||style="text-align:center;"|195||style="text-align:right;"|77<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Gurugram||style="text-align:center;"|1,590||style="text-align:right;"|1,619<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Manesar ||style="text-align:center;"|668||style="text-align:right;"|368<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Mewat||style="text-align:center;"|1,501||style="text-align:right;"|734<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 7,540 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,485 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Port_Trusts&diff=669Port Trusts2018-10-25T11:13:21Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: modified entry - added text and tables</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
India has thirteen major ports. All the major port trusts report to the central Ministry of Shipping.<br />
Twelve of the major port trusts are organised under the Major Ports Trust Act (1963). <br />
In addition, there are about 200 state-government and private ports in India. <br />
Major Ports Trusts hold more than 2.5 lakh acres of land, out of this 15,550 acres is vacant, without any plans for future port operations <ref> Patricia Clarke Annez Shubhashis Gangopadhyay, ed. India’s Public Lands: Responsive, Transparent, and Fiscally Responsible Asset Management. Report. 1-253. </ref>. These land parcels lock key urban areas. The largest part of the total consists of tidal land at Kandla Port.<br />
<br><br />
A conservative estimate of the surplus land available with major ports is 27,379 acre valued at ₹ 20,02,717 crore (assuming an FSI of only 1). See the map and its accompanying table for individual estimates. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Port Trust.png|frame|center]]<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Individual Port Trusts and Ministry of Shipping </ref><br />
'''Port Trust of India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Port <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Paradip||style="text-align:center;"|534||style="text-align:right;"|1,080<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|1859||style="text-align:right;"|3,76,156<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Jawaharlal Nehru||style="text-align:center;"|7576||style="text-align:right;"|15,32,950<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Vaishakapatnam||style="text-align:center;"|587||style="text-align:right;"|1,187<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Mormugao||style="text-align:center;"|6328||style="text-align:right;"|12,804<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Ennore||style="text-align:center;"|1047||style="text-align:right;"|2,118<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|2035||style="text-align:right;"|35,460<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|New Manglore||style="text-align:center;"|2928||style="text-align:right;"|31,887<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Cochin||style="text-align:center;"|2353||style="text-align:right;"|4,761<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Tuticorin||style="text-align:center;"|2132||style="text-align:right;"|4,314<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 27,379 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 20,02,717 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
==Mumbai Port Trust==<br />
<br><br />
Mumbai Port Trust Mumbai Port Trust owns most valuable land in India. <br />
It owns close to 2,000 acres which form about one-sixth of the total island and is of a great financial value. <br />
As a port, Mumbai has been a relative decline for 30 years.<br />
In 2010-11 the port posted a net deficit of Rs. 438 crores. <br />
Mumbai port trust's land leases from Taj Mahal Hotel and Royal Bombay Yacht Club to abandoned textile mills and half warehouses of cotton green.<br />
Mumbai port trust also owns the major land of Ballard Estate. <br />
Mumbai Port Trust had over 2900 leases across 2466 tenants as of August 1, 2011. <br />
According to the Mumbai Port Trust's website, total land of MPBT leased is in the table adjacent. <br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 33%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Total Land of MbPT Leased'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Lessee<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
|-<br />
| Central Government||324<br />
|-<br />
| State Government||12<br />
|-<br />
| Private Parties||341<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 676 acre'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Mumbai Port Trust’s land operations are non-transparent. <br />
In many cases, MBPT is able to receive no rent. It is estimated that MPBT is able to collect only about 30 percent of its billed rent. <br />
After accounting for operating and other costs the net surplus from estate activity amounted to Rs 18.25 crores (2010-11), a small value given the valuable properties leased out. Many of the leases which have expired have not been renewed.<br />
As of September 2002, there were 1900 cases pending in various courts. The lack of publicly available information permits corrupt land dealings to occur.<br />
<br><br />
The Port Trust has not prepared a Land Use Plan as required by national policy. <br />
Centrally-controlled institutions rarely volunteer that they have surplus land.<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 75%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Total Defence Land Allocation'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Land Use <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre) <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Usage <br />
|-<br />
| 1||Port activities||1,048|| Includes custom docks, land at Butcher Island, Land used for roads and railway networks. Includes operational area encroached by slums<br />
|-<br />
| 2||Estate lettings||685|| Includes petroleum and oil sectors (2.8%), defence (1%), FCI/PSU/Government agencies (4.8%) and other commercial and residential users (91.4%)<br />
|-<br />
| 3||Estate let out plots||197||<br />
|-<br />
| 4||Vacant Land at Titwala||70||<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,000 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
According to an estimate made by George Peterson and Vasudha Thawakar <ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure: Centrally Controlled Landholdings, IDF</ref> If only 500 acres of MbPT’s 1860 acres can be managed, over the long run, according to economic and urban development principle, it can fetch a value of roughly Rs. 1.25 lakh crore, <br />
<br><br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Railways&diff=666Railways2018-10-25T09:09:40Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: corrected Map 1 and table 1</p>
<hr />
<div>The Indian Railway is a public enterprise owned by the central government and administered through the Ministry of Railways. <br />
The total area of land under the Railway network across the country is about 4,614.87 sq. km. Of this area Railways by its own admission has 463 sq. km. (1,14,491 acres or an area equal to 86,700 football fields) land vacant and 22.4 sq. km of land encroached. <br />
<br />
==Railway Land Development Authority==<br />
<br><br />
In 2006, the Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) was established as a separate statutory body. The plan was to gradually hand over excess land with commercial potential to RLDA for development, sale, or lease. Newspaper accounts at the time estimated (optimistically) that more than US$100 billion (between 7-7.5 lakh crore) eventually could be realized from monetization of surplus rail lands. RLDA has nearly 55,910 acres of land available with it for disposal<ref>18 in main wiki</ref><br />
<br><br />
See the map and its accompanying table highlighting publicly available information on the vacant land of 2,040 acres valued at Rs. 4,127 crore.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:RLDA 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>[http://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/RLDA_Annual_Report_15_16_English.pdf "Railway Land Development Authority"]</ref><br />
'''Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA)''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Katra ||style="text-align:center;"|10.57||style="text-align:right;"|21<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar ||style="text-align:center;"|0.61||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|80.86||style="text-align:right;"|164<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Clutterbuckganj ||style="text-align:center;"|136.52||style="text-align:right;"|276<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Shahamatganj ||style="text-align:center;"|36.26||style="text-align:right;"|73<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|110.59||style="text-align:right;"|224<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Raxaul||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Jaipur||style="text-align:center;"|5.70||style="text-align:right;"|12<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|9.83||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Etawah||style="text-align:center;"|0.74||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Siliguri ||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gwaltoli||style="text-align:center;"|3.74||style="text-align:right;"|8<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|11.70||style="text-align:right;"|24<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|65.46||style="text-align:right;"|132<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Jodhpur||style="text-align:center;"|5.40||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Gwalior ||style="text-align:center;"|4.68||style="text-align:right;"|9<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|0.99||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|5.32||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|0.53||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Gaya ||style="text-align:center;"|1.40||style="text-align:right;"|3<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Jamnagar ||style="text-align:center;"|2.47||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Rajkot||style="text-align:center;"|68.13||style="text-align:right;"|138<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|634.79||style="text-align:right;"|1,284<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|333.45||style="text-align:right;"|675<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|9.63||style="text-align:right;"|19<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|39.18||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Visakhapatnam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|21.98||style="text-align:right;"|44<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|0.60||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Vijaywada||style="text-align:center;"|0.37||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Guntakal||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|5.19||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|2.49||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Villipuram||style="text-align:center;"|1.75||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Salem||style="text-align:center;"|0.82||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaptinam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.32||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Pattukoti ||style="text-align:center;"|1.98||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Trivandrum||style="text-align:center;"|420.00||style="text-align:right;"|850<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,040.95 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,130 crore'''<br />
|}<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 4,367 acres of land valued at Rs. 38,741 crore was uncovered set out for possible usage of logistic parks. See Map 2 and its accompanying table for detailed information. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:Rail 2.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Land & Amenities Directorate [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/logistics.jsp "Vacant Land for possible use of Logistic Park"]</ref><br />
'''Indian Railways - Land & Amenities Directorate''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|29,775<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Belanganj||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|48<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Narkatiyaganj||style="text-align:center;"|352||style="text-align:right;"|712<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bandikui ||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|75<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Roja||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Jalpaiguri||style="text-align:center;"|34||style="text-align:right;"|69<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Nirala Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|62||style="text-align:right;"|125<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Amingaon||style="text-align:center;"|181||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Supaul||style="text-align:center;"|75||style="text-align:right;"|152<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|43<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suremanpur||style="text-align:center;"|100||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Dumari Juara||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Bachhwara||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Katihar||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Khagaria||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Sahebpur Kamal||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Bhagalpur||style="text-align:center;"|50||style="text-align:right;"|101<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Chandauli||style="text-align:center;"|227||style="text-align:right;"|459<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Jalore||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Bina stn||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Patan-Kakosi ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|121||style="text-align:right;"|245<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Katni||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Asansol||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|57<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Vijapur Ransipur ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|164||style="text-align:right;"|332<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Kanchrapara||style="text-align:center;"|49||style="text-align:right;"|99<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Chasma||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|141<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Dahod||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Tatanagar||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Dankuni||style="text-align:center;"|79||style="text-align:right;"|160<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Jagadishpur||style="text-align:center;"|111||style="text-align:right;"|225<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Sankrail||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|990||style="text-align:right;"|2,003<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Godhani||style="text-align:center;"|140||style="text-align:right;"|283<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Valthan village||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kantibanjhi||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Igatpuri||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Lonavala||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|47<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Daund||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Satara||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Vijayawada stn||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Machilipatnam Stn||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|North Arcot||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Chengalpattu||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|56<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Krishnaraja Ngr||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|81<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|126||style="text-align:right;"|255<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Pudukottai||style="text-align:center;"|52||style="text-align:right;"|105<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Madurai||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Tirunelveli||style="text-align:center;"|42||style="text-align:right;"|85<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 4,367 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 38,741 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Valuable Urban Parcels==<br />
<br><br />
A valuable 11-acre parcel, near the Bandra (East) railway station, had been proposed for commercial development since 2006. Auction reserve prices had been set between ₹ 3,700 crore and 4,200 crores at different times.<ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure, Centrally Controlled Landholdings, George E. Peterson Vasudha Thawakar. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Finance Economics and Urban Department, October 2013. Date Accessed - March 2018 </ref><br />
<br> <br />
However, the property has failed to attract acceptable bids at six successive auctions. At the height of the land market in Mumbai, Railways issued bid terms that would have required the developer to build two identical office towers, one to be given to Railways for offices free-of-charge, the other to be available for commercial market leasing. The restrictions squeezed profit out of land development. No bids were received.<br />
<br><br />
Subsequently, the dual-tower conditions were dropped. Auction management was turned over to RLDA. Indian Railways worked with the State of Maharashtra to reach an agreement that the Floor Space Index (FSI) for the site would be increased from 2 to 4, in order to maximize land value. In return, Railways agreed to allocate two-thirds of land lease proceeds to invest in the suburban rail plan for Greater Mumbai. However, at the last minute, a private citizen brought a claim in court that the property belonged to the State of Maharashtra, not to Railways. Maharashtra joined the plaintiff in the case, first at the level of revenue collector, later at the level of Minister of Revenue. Attempts to auction the property attracted no bids, as long as title was disputed.<br />
<br><br />
There are many stations along the Mumbai sub-urban local transport stations with vacant land that can be utilised for constructing high rise workspaces. Such a potential usage is the norm across most advanced cities in the world.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=File:RLDA_01.png&diff=665File:RLDA 01.png2018-10-25T09:03:08Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: </p>
<hr />
<div>PLot</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Defence&diff=664Defence2018-10-25T09:01:40Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edits - added table , navy nagar and additional information within entries</p>
<hr />
<div>The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces|Indian Armed Forces] comprises four service branches – Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, and Indian Coast Guard. The Armed forces fall under the Ministry of Defence. The ministry is the largest landholder in the country. <br />
The ministry is charged with the responsibility of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India. <br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 33%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<br />
'''Total Defence Land Allocation'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Service <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | as (% of total) <br />
|-<br />
| 1|| Army || 79.7% <br />
|-<br />
| 2|| Air Force || 8.7% <br />
|-<br />
| 3|| Navy || 2.1% <br />
|-<br />
| 4|| Ordnance Factory ||2.9%<br />
|-<br />
| 5|| Other || 6.6% <br />
|}<br />
Ministry of Defence is the largest landowner in the country. It holds 43.4 lakh acres (17,570 sq. km) of area. This area is about twelve times the area of New Delhi (1,484 sq. km) and four times the area of Mumbai (4,355 sq. km). <br />
Most policy discussions treat Defence property as “off limits” when it comes to identifying surplus landholdings. <br />
Defence holds the largest blocs of urban land in the country.<br />
<br><br />
Countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, and the Philippines all have found that more than 90% of total public land identified as “surplus” and monetized has come from outdated military bases. <ref> Peterson, George E. 2009. Unlocking Land Values to Finance Urban Infrastructure. World Bank and PPIAF </ref><br />
<br><br />
The value of the surplus and misused land parcels under the Armed forces when freed up is ₹ 21.53 lakh crore (₹ 86,000 per household). This estimate is computed using conservative land prices and a meagre FSI of 1. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
== Military Cantonments Across India==<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In addition to this land, 62 cantonment boards (see map 1, and 2 and accompanying tables 1, and 2) use more than 2,18,068 acres ( sq. km). Most of the cantonment boards are located in the heart of the city occupying prime real estate.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Cant right 01.png|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" "wikitable floatright" style="width: 75%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Various Cantonment Board websites, '''Military Cantonnments across India'''</ref><br />
'''Table 1: Military Cantonments Across India''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Cantonment Board<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Dalhousie Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Dalhousie||style="text-align:center;"|1017||style="text-align:right;"|2,058<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Bakloh Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Chamba||style="text-align:center;"|741||style="text-align:right;"|1,499<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Khasyol Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Khasyol||style="text-align:center;"|771||style="text-align:right;"|1,560<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Amritsar||style="text-align:center;"|741||style="text-align:right;"|1,499<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Jalandar Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Jalandar||style="text-align:center;"|3758||style="text-align:right;"|7,604<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Jutogh Cantonement Board||style="text-align:center;"|Jutogh||style="text-align:center;"|349||style="text-align:right;"|706<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Subathu Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Himachal Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Ferozepur Cantonemnt Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ferozepur||style="text-align:center;"|4942||style="text-align:right;"|10,000<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Kasauli Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Kasauli||style="text-align:center;"|643||style="text-align:right;"|1,301<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Dagshai Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Solan||style="text-align:center;"|741||style="text-align:right;"|1,499<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Chakrata Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Dehradun||style="text-align:center;"|3953||style="text-align:right;"|7,999<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Landour Cantonement Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Mussoorie||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Dehradun Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Dehradun||style="text-align:center;"|5203||style="text-align:right;"|10,528<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Ambala Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ambala||style="text-align:center;"|8154||style="text-align:right;"|16,499<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Clement Town Cantonement Board||style="text-align:center;"|Dehradun||style="text-align:center;"|1729||style="text-align:right;"|3,499<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Roorkee Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Roorkee||style="text-align:center;"|1176||style="text-align:right;"|2,380<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Lansdowne Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Pauri Garhwal||style="text-align:center;"|1482||style="text-align:right;"|2,999<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Ranikhet Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ranikhet||style="text-align:center;"|5436||style="text-align:right;"|10,999<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Almora Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Bhaisori||style="text-align:center;"|247||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Nainithal Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Nainithal||style="text-align:center;"|741||style="text-align:right;"|1,499<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Meerut Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Meerut||style="text-align:center;"|8816||style="text-align:right;"|17,839<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|10625||style="text-align:right;"|20,27,974<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Bareilly Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Bareilly ||style="text-align:center;"|4270||style="text-align:right;"|8,640<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Shahjahanpur Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Shahjahanpur||style="text-align:center;"|2407||style="text-align:right;"|4,870<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|2649||style="text-align:right;"|5,360<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Fatehgarh Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Farrukhabad||style="text-align:center;"|2769||style="text-align:right;"|5,603<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Agra Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Agra||style="text-align:center;"|2857||style="text-align:right;"|5,781<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Jalapahar Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Lebong Cantonement Board||style="text-align:center;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|6918||style="text-align:right;"|13,998<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Nasirabad Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Nasirabad||style="text-align:center;"|5683||style="text-align:right;"|11,499<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|4200||style="text-align:right;"|8,498<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Faizabad Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Faizabad||style="text-align:center;"|4841||style="text-align:right;"|9,795<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Morar Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Gwalior||style="text-align:center;"|14579||style="text-align:right;"|29,500<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Danapur Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Patna||style="text-align:center;"|848||style="text-align:right;"|1,716<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Shillong Cantonement Board||style="text-align:center;"|Shillong||style="text-align:center;"|494||style="text-align:right;"|1,000<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Allahabad Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Allahabad||style="text-align:center;"|4464||style="text-align:right;"|9,033<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|4695||style="text-align:right;"|9,500<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Babina Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Babina||style="text-align:center;"|3212||style="text-align:right;"|6,499<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Varanasi Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Varanasi||style="text-align:center;"|1179||style="text-align:right;"|2,386<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|9926||style="text-align:right;"|20,085<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Saugor Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Saugor||style="text-align:center;"|4048||style="text-align:right;"|8,191<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Ramgarh Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ramgarh||style="text-align:center;"|9390||style="text-align:right;"|19,000<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Jabalpur Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Jabalpur||style="text-align:center;"|4614||style="text-align:right;"|9,336<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmedabad Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ahmedabad||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Barrackpore Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Barrackpore||style="text-align:center;"|2621.7881||style="text-align:right;"|<br />
<br />
5,305<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|Mhow Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Indore||style="text-align:center;"|4695||style="text-align:right;"|9,500<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Pachmarhi Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Hoshangabad||style="text-align:center;"|2471||style="text-align:right;"|5,000<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Kamptee Cantonemnt Board||style="text-align:center;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|3706||style="text-align:right;"|7,499<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Deolali Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Deolali ||style="text-align:center;"|13096||style="text-align:right;"|26,499<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|2584||style="text-align:right;"|5,229<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmednagar Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Ahmednagar||style="text-align:center;"|9711.241||style="text-align:right;"|<br />
<br />
19,650<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Dehu Raod Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Pune||style="text-align:center;"|8895||style="text-align:right;"|17,998<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Kirkee Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Kirkee||style="text-align:center;"|3275||style="text-align:right;"|6,627<br />
|-<br />
| 56||style="text-align:left;"|Pune Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Pune||style="text-align:center;"|3459||style="text-align:right;"|6,999<br />
|-<br />
| 57||style="text-align:left;"|Belgaum Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Belgaum||style="text-align:center;"|1729||style="text-align:right;"|3,499<br />
|-<br />
| 58||style="text-align:left;"|St.Thomas Mount Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Chennai ||style="text-align:center;"|2918||style="text-align:right;"|<br />
<br />
50,845<br />
|-<br />
| 59||style="text-align:left;"|Cannanore Cantonment Board ||style="text-align:center;"|Cannaore||style="text-align:center;"|494||style="text-align:right;"|1,000<br />
|-<br />
| 60||style="text-align:left;"|Wellington Canonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Wellington||style="text-align:center;"|1647||style="text-align:right;"|3,333<br />
|-<br />
| *||style="text-align:left;"|Badamibagh Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Srinagar||style="text-align:center;"|1458||style="text-align:right;"|2,950<br />
|-<br />
| *||style="text-align:left;"|Jammu Cantonment Board||style="text-align:center;"|Jammu||style="text-align:center;"|NA||style="text-align:right;"|NA<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "3" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,18,068 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 24,92,664 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Millitary Stations Across India==<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 78,846 acres (sq. km) of land worth 1.59 lakh crore is inventoried as surplus by the Defence Management Estate across 38 military stations in the country as highlighted by CAG in its performance audit report. See Map 2 and its accompanying Table 2<br />
<ref> Performance Audit Report on Defence Estate Management [https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defence_Indigenous_Construction_Naval_Warships_35_2010_chapter_2.pdf “CAG”]</ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Millitary Station 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Defence Estate Management Surplus Land [https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defence_Indigenous_Construction_Naval_Warships_35_2010_chapter_2.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Table 2: Millitary Stations''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Millitry Station <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Dalhousie||style="text-align:center;"|170||style="text-align:right;"|344<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Bukloh||style="text-align:center;"|232||style="text-align:right;"|470<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Sujanpur||style="text-align:center;"|399||style="text-align:right;"|807<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Bhadraya||style="text-align:center;"|461||style="text-align:right;"|933<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Pathankot||style="text-align:center;"|762||style="text-align:right;"|1,542<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Tibri (Gurdaspur)||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|316<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|New Amritsar Military Station||style="text-align:center;"|1839||style="text-align:right;"|3,720<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Subhathu||style="text-align:center;"|115||style="text-align:right;"|233<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Kasauli||style="text-align:center;"|364||style="text-align:right;"|736<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Dagshai||style="text-align:center;"|243||style="text-align:right;"|492<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Ambala||style="text-align:center;"|2076||style="text-align:right;"|4,200<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda ||style="text-align:center;"|3926||style="text-align:right;"|7944<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Kotdwar||style="text-align:center;"|270||style="text-align:right;"|546<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suratgarh||style="text-align:center;"|5131||style="text-align:right;"|10,382<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Nainithal ||style="text-align:center;"|537||style="text-align:right;"|1,086<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Hisar||style="text-align:center;"|2424||style="text-align:right;"|4905<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Bareily ||style="text-align:center;"|582||style="text-align:right;"|1,177<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|788||style="text-align:right;"|1595<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Shahjahanpur||style="text-align:center;"|755||style="text-align:right;"|1,527<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Alwar||style="text-align:center;"|19||style="text-align:right;"|38<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|1043||style="text-align:right;"|2,110<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Faizabad||style="text-align:center;"|2772||style="text-align:right;"|5,609<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur||style="text-align:center;"|949||style="text-align:right;"|1,920<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Allahabad||style="text-align:center;"|1016||style="text-align:right;"|2,056<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Varanasi||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|2621||style="text-align:right;"|5303<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Chambetia||style="text-align:center;"|1590||style="text-align:right;"|3,217<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|980||style="text-align:right;"|1,983<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Ahmednagar||style="text-align:center;"|32184||style="text-align:right;"|65,122<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Dehu Road||style="text-align:center;"|4657||style="text-align:right;"|9,423<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Kirkee||style="text-align:center;"|4557||style="text-align:right;"|9,220<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Pune ||style="text-align:center;"|523||style="text-align:right;"|1,058<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Belgaum ||style="text-align:center;"|1399||style="text-align:right;"|2,830<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Avdi ||style="text-align:center;"|178||style="text-align:right;"|360<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|224||style="text-align:right;"|453<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|1272||style="text-align:right;"|2,574<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|76||style="text-align:right;"|154<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Mhau||style="text-align:center;"|1373||style="text-align:right;"|2,778<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 78,846 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1,59,533 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Navy Nagar==<br />
<br><br />
Navy Nagar situated in the primmest urban space in Mumbai is another instance of valuable land parcel locked.<br />
The prime land is situated right next to the central business district and comprises of accommodating a handful of naval and military buildings. It stands as a stark example of a colonial hangover being established in the year 1796 to signify the might of the British troops, it's location serves little practical purpose. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:Navy Nagar.png|text-bottom|left|Map 3]]<br />
<br><br />
Its value is anywhere above ₹ 3 lakh crore.<ref> Calculation: Area x Price = 60,00,000 sq. metre (6 sq.km) x ₹ 5,00,000 /sq.metre = 3,00,000 crore </ref><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==New Delhi Cantonment==<br />
<br><br />
Delhi Cantonment occupies 43 square kilometres in the heart of the metropolitan region. In 2001, time of the last census, Delhi Cantonment had a population of 124,000. Eleven hotels are located within the cantonment, as well as a variety of commercial establishments and upscale housing. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
===New Delhi Army Golf Course===<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The New Delhi cantonment board sprawls for an area of 10,625 acres within the national capital region. The army also owns an Army golf course, the size of 100 acres located at Dhaula Kuan, another prime urban land. <br />
The military has 97 luxury golf courses <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12883172 "BBC"]</ref> handled by a privately-run company, Army Zone Golf, covering about 8,000 acres of land. These gold courses are pointed out illegal by the CAG [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/armys-100-golf-courses-under-centre-scanner/] citing “they should not have been built in the first place, as golf is not an authorised military activity”. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:Golf Course New Delhi Cant.png|frameless| thumbnail| 800px| Delhi Army Golf Course]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Some Defence lands are allocated to favoured parties under legacy leases at far below market rates. The Agra (Golf) Club occupies 17.68 acres for which it has paid the annual rent of Rs 58.92 per year since 1992. The racetrack in Pune Cantonment has been leased to Royal Western India Turf Club since 1902. The lease is for 65.15 acres, but over time the Club has expanded onto an additional 24.1 acres of Defence land without sanction<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Lucknow Cantonment==<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Lucknow cantonment board occupies 6,918 acres of land worth Rs. 13,998 crore (conservative estimate using price of land @ Rs. 5,000 /sq. m). The distance between the cantonment and central business district (Hazratganj, Aminabad, and Chowk A) is 7 km. For a city sprawling across 2,528 sq. km. Such a prime urban land is locked and restricted from access to the city for commerce and housing. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Lucknow Cant.png|frameless|thumbnail|800px|Lucknow Cantonment Board]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Jaipur Military Station==<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Jaipur army station occupies prime urban space located from a distance of 9 km from the old walled city of Jaipur (also, its central business district). The military station includes a sprawling and restricted Golf course in the middle of the city. Refer to the map to identify the urban landlocked by the military station. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Jaipur Cant.png|frameless|thumbnail|800px|Jaipur Army Station]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Most of such valuable land parcels are locked for the recreation and restricted usage of a handful army personnel. <br />
Another such instance of a major land parcel is that of [[Navy Nagar]] in Mumbai. <br />
<br />
=References=</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Railways&diff=662Railways2018-10-25T08:08:12Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: map 2 resize</p>
<hr />
<div>The Indian Railway is a public enterprise owned by the central government and administered through the Ministry of Railways. <br />
The total area of land under the Railway network across the country is about 4,614.87 sq. km. Of this area Railways by its own admission has 463 sq. km. (1,14,491 acres or an area equal to 86,700 football fields) land vacant and 22.4 sq. km of land encroached. <br />
<br />
==Railway Land Development Authority==<br />
<br><br />
In 2006, the Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) was established as a separate statutory body. The plan was to gradually hand over excess land with commercial potential to RLDA for development, sale, or lease. Newspaper accounts at the time estimated (optimistically) that more than US$100 billion (between 7-7.5 lakh crore) eventually could be realized from monetization of surplus rail lands. RLDA has nearly 55,910 acres of land available with it for disposal<ref>18 in main wiki</ref><br />
<br><br />
See the map and its accompanying table highlighting publicly available information on the vacant land of 2,040 acres valued at Rs. 4,127 crore.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Railway 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Rail Land Development Authority, <br />
[http://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/RLDA_Annual_Report_15_16_English.pdf <br />
"Annual Reports and Accounts 2015-16"], '''Ministry of Railway''', 2015</ref><br />
'''Rail Land Development Authority'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Katra ||style="text-align:center;"|10.57|| style="text-align:right;"|21<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar ||style="text-align:center;"|0.61||style="text-align:right;"|1.23<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|80.86||style="text-align:right;"|163<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Clutterbuckganj ||style="text-align:center;"|136.52||style="text-align:right;"|276<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Shahamatganj ||style="text-align:center;"|36.26||style="text-align:right;"|73<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|110.59||style="text-align:right;"|224<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Raxaul||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Jaipur||style="text-align:center;"|5.7||style="text-align:right;"|11.5<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|9.83||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Etawah||style="text-align:center;"|0.74||style="text-align:right;"|1.5<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Siliguri ||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gwaltoli||style="text-align:center;"|3.74||style="text-align:right;"|7.5<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|11.7||style="text-align:right;"|23.6<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|65.46||style="text-align:right;"|132<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Jodhpur||style="text-align:center;"|5.4||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Gwalior ||style="text-align:center;"|4.68||style="text-align:right;"|9.5<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|0.99||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|5.32||style="text-align:right;"|10.76<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|0.52611||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Gaya ||style="text-align:center;"|1.4||style="text-align:right;"|2.8<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Jamnagar ||style="text-align:center;"|2.47||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Rajkot||style="text-align:center;"|68.13||style="text-align:right;"|137<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|634.79||style="text-align:right;"|1,285<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|333.45||style="text-align:right;"|675<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|9.63||style="text-align:right;"|19.5<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|39.18||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Visakhapatnam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|21.98||style="text-align:right;"|44.5<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|0.6||style="text-align:right;"|1.2<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Vijaywada||style="text-align:center;"|0.37||style="text-align:right;"|0.75<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Guntakal||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|5.19||style="text-align:right;"|10.5<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|2.49||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Villipuram||style="text-align:center;"|1.75||style="text-align:right;"|3.5<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Salem||style="text-align:center;"|0.82||style="text-align:right;"|1.65<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaptinam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.32||style="text-align:right;"|0.65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Pattukoti ||style="text-align:center;"|1.98||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Trivandrum||style="text-align:center;"|420||style="text-align:right;"|850<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,040.95 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,127.6 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 4,367 acres of land valued at Rs. 38,741 crore was uncovered set out for possible usage of logistic parks. See Map 2 and its accompanying table for detailed information. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:Rail 2.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Land & Amenities Directorate [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/logistics.jsp "Vacant Land for possible use of Logistic Park"]</ref><br />
'''Indian Railways - Land & Amenities Directorate''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|29,775<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Belanganj||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|48<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Narkatiyaganj||style="text-align:center;"|352||style="text-align:right;"|712<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bandikui ||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|75<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Roja||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Jalpaiguri||style="text-align:center;"|34||style="text-align:right;"|69<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Nirala Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|62||style="text-align:right;"|125<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Amingaon||style="text-align:center;"|181||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Supaul||style="text-align:center;"|75||style="text-align:right;"|152<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|43<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suremanpur||style="text-align:center;"|100||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Dumari Juara||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Bachhwara||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Katihar||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Khagaria||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Sahebpur Kamal||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Bhagalpur||style="text-align:center;"|50||style="text-align:right;"|101<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Chandauli||style="text-align:center;"|227||style="text-align:right;"|459<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Jalore||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Bina stn||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Patan-Kakosi ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|121||style="text-align:right;"|245<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Katni||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Asansol||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|57<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Vijapur Ransipur ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|164||style="text-align:right;"|332<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Kanchrapara||style="text-align:center;"|49||style="text-align:right;"|99<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Chasma||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|141<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Dahod||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Tatanagar||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Dankuni||style="text-align:center;"|79||style="text-align:right;"|160<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Jagadishpur||style="text-align:center;"|111||style="text-align:right;"|225<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Sankrail||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|990||style="text-align:right;"|2,003<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Godhani||style="text-align:center;"|140||style="text-align:right;"|283<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Valthan village||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kantibanjhi||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Igatpuri||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Lonavala||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|47<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Daund||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Satara||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Vijayawada stn||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Machilipatnam Stn||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|North Arcot||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Chengalpattu||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|56<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Krishnaraja Ngr||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|81<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|126||style="text-align:right;"|255<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Pudukottai||style="text-align:center;"|52||style="text-align:right;"|105<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Madurai||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Tirunelveli||style="text-align:center;"|42||style="text-align:right;"|85<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 4,367 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 38,741 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Valuable Urban Parcels==<br />
<br><br />
A valuable 11-acre parcel, near the Bandra (East) railway station, had been proposed for commercial development since 2006. Auction reserve prices had been set between ₹ 3,700 crore and 4,200 crores at different times.<ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure, Centrally Controlled Landholdings, George E. Peterson Vasudha Thawakar. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Finance Economics and Urban Department, October 2013. Date Accessed - March 2018 </ref><br />
<br> <br />
However, the property has failed to attract acceptable bids at six successive auctions. At the height of the land market in Mumbai, Railways issued bid terms that would have required the developer to build two identical office towers, one to be given to Railways for offices free-of-charge, the other to be available for commercial market leasing. The restrictions squeezed profit out of land development. No bids were received.<br />
<br><br />
Subsequently, the dual-tower conditions were dropped. Auction management was turned over to RLDA. Indian Railways worked with the State of Maharashtra to reach an agreement that the Floor Space Index (FSI) for the site would be increased from 2 to 4, in order to maximize land value. In return, Railways agreed to allocate two-thirds of land lease proceeds to invest in the suburban rail plan for Greater Mumbai. However, at the last minute, a private citizen brought a claim in court that the property belonged to the State of Maharashtra, not to Railways. Maharashtra joined the plaintiff in the case, first at the level of revenue collector, later at the level of Minister of Revenue. Attempts to auction the property attracted no bids, as long as title was disputed.<br />
<br><br />
There are many stations along the Mumbai sub-urban local transport stations with vacant land that can be utilised for constructing high rise workspaces. Such a potential usage is the norm across most advanced cities in the world.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Railways&diff=661Railways2018-10-25T08:07:27Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: alignment edits</p>
<hr />
<div>The Indian Railway is a public enterprise owned by the central government and administered through the Ministry of Railways. <br />
The total area of land under the Railway network across the country is about 4,614.87 sq. km. Of this area Railways by its own admission has 463 sq. km. (1,14,491 acres or an area equal to 86,700 football fields) land vacant and 22.4 sq. km of land encroached. <br />
<br />
==Railway Land Development Authority==<br />
<br><br />
In 2006, the Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) was established as a separate statutory body. The plan was to gradually hand over excess land with commercial potential to RLDA for development, sale, or lease. Newspaper accounts at the time estimated (optimistically) that more than US$100 billion (between 7-7.5 lakh crore) eventually could be realized from monetization of surplus rail lands. RLDA has nearly 55,910 acres of land available with it for disposal<ref>18 in main wiki</ref><br />
<br><br />
See the map and its accompanying table highlighting publicly available information on the vacant land of 2,040 acres valued at Rs. 4,127 crore.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Railway 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Rail Land Development Authority, <br />
[http://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/RLDA_Annual_Report_15_16_English.pdf <br />
"Annual Reports and Accounts 2015-16"], '''Ministry of Railway''', 2015</ref><br />
'''Rail Land Development Authority'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Katra ||style="text-align:center;"|10.57|| style="text-align:right;"|21<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar ||style="text-align:center;"|0.61||style="text-align:right;"|1.23<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|80.86||style="text-align:right;"|163<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Clutterbuckganj ||style="text-align:center;"|136.52||style="text-align:right;"|276<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Shahamatganj ||style="text-align:center;"|36.26||style="text-align:right;"|73<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|110.59||style="text-align:right;"|224<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Raxaul||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Jaipur||style="text-align:center;"|5.7||style="text-align:right;"|11.5<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|9.83||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Etawah||style="text-align:center;"|0.74||style="text-align:right;"|1.5<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Siliguri ||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gwaltoli||style="text-align:center;"|3.74||style="text-align:right;"|7.5<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|11.7||style="text-align:right;"|23.6<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|65.46||style="text-align:right;"|132<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Jodhpur||style="text-align:center;"|5.4||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Gwalior ||style="text-align:center;"|4.68||style="text-align:right;"|9.5<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|0.99||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|5.32||style="text-align:right;"|10.76<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|0.52611||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Gaya ||style="text-align:center;"|1.4||style="text-align:right;"|2.8<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Jamnagar ||style="text-align:center;"|2.47||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Rajkot||style="text-align:center;"|68.13||style="text-align:right;"|137<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|634.79||style="text-align:right;"|1,285<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|333.45||style="text-align:right;"|675<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|9.63||style="text-align:right;"|19.5<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|39.18||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Visakhapatnam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|21.98||style="text-align:right;"|44.5<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|0.6||style="text-align:right;"|1.2<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Vijaywada||style="text-align:center;"|0.37||style="text-align:right;"|0.75<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Guntakal||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|5.19||style="text-align:right;"|10.5<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|2.49||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Villipuram||style="text-align:center;"|1.75||style="text-align:right;"|3.5<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Salem||style="text-align:center;"|0.82||style="text-align:right;"|1.65<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaptinam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.32||style="text-align:right;"|0.65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Pattukoti ||style="text-align:center;"|1.98||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Trivandrum||style="text-align:center;"|420||style="text-align:right;"|850<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,040.95 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,127.6 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 4,367 acres of land valued at Rs. 38,741 crore was uncovered set out for possible usage of logistic parks. See Map 2 and its accompanying table for detailed information. <br />
<br><br />
[[File:Rail 2.png|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Land & Amenities Directorate [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/logistics.jsp "Vacant Land for possible use of Logistic Park"]</ref><br />
'''Indian Railways - Land & Amenities Directorate''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|29,775<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Belanganj||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|48<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Narkatiyaganj||style="text-align:center;"|352||style="text-align:right;"|712<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bandikui ||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|75<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Roja||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Jalpaiguri||style="text-align:center;"|34||style="text-align:right;"|69<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Nirala Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|62||style="text-align:right;"|125<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Amingaon||style="text-align:center;"|181||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Supaul||style="text-align:center;"|75||style="text-align:right;"|152<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|43<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suremanpur||style="text-align:center;"|100||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Dumari Juara||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Bachhwara||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Katihar||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Khagaria||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Sahebpur Kamal||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Bhagalpur||style="text-align:center;"|50||style="text-align:right;"|101<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Chandauli||style="text-align:center;"|227||style="text-align:right;"|459<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Jalore||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Bina stn||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Patan-Kakosi ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|121||style="text-align:right;"|245<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Katni||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Asansol||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|57<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Vijapur Ransipur ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|164||style="text-align:right;"|332<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Kanchrapara||style="text-align:center;"|49||style="text-align:right;"|99<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Chasma||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|141<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Dahod||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Tatanagar||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Dankuni||style="text-align:center;"|79||style="text-align:right;"|160<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Jagadishpur||style="text-align:center;"|111||style="text-align:right;"|225<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Sankrail||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|990||style="text-align:right;"|2,003<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Godhani||style="text-align:center;"|140||style="text-align:right;"|283<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Valthan village||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kantibanjhi||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Igatpuri||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Lonavala||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|47<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Daund||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Satara||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Vijayawada stn||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Machilipatnam Stn||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|North Arcot||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Chengalpattu||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|56<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Krishnaraja Ngr||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|81<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|126||style="text-align:right;"|255<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Pudukottai||style="text-align:center;"|52||style="text-align:right;"|105<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Madurai||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Tirunelveli||style="text-align:center;"|42||style="text-align:right;"|85<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 4,367 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 38,741 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Valuable Urban Parcels==<br />
<br><br />
A valuable 11-acre parcel, near the Bandra (East) railway station, had been proposed for commercial development since 2006. Auction reserve prices had been set between ₹ 3,700 crore and 4,200 crores at different times.<ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure, Centrally Controlled Landholdings, George E. Peterson Vasudha Thawakar. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Finance Economics and Urban Department, October 2013. Date Accessed - March 2018 </ref><br />
<br> <br />
However, the property has failed to attract acceptable bids at six successive auctions. At the height of the land market in Mumbai, Railways issued bid terms that would have required the developer to build two identical office towers, one to be given to Railways for offices free-of-charge, the other to be available for commercial market leasing. The restrictions squeezed profit out of land development. No bids were received.<br />
<br><br />
Subsequently, the dual-tower conditions were dropped. Auction management was turned over to RLDA. Indian Railways worked with the State of Maharashtra to reach an agreement that the Floor Space Index (FSI) for the site would be increased from 2 to 4, in order to maximize land value. In return, Railways agreed to allocate two-thirds of land lease proceeds to invest in the suburban rail plan for Greater Mumbai. However, at the last minute, a private citizen brought a claim in court that the property belonged to the State of Maharashtra, not to Railways. Maharashtra joined the plaintiff in the case, first at the level of revenue collector, later at the level of Minister of Revenue. Attempts to auction the property attracted no bids, as long as title was disputed.<br />
<br><br />
There are many stations along the Mumbai sub-urban local transport stations with vacant land that can be utilised for constructing high rise workspaces. Such a potential usage is the norm across most advanced cities in the world.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Railways&diff=660Railways2018-10-25T08:04:04Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: minor edit - inserting line breaks</p>
<hr />
<div>The Indian Railways is a public enterprise owned by the central government and administered through the Ministry of Railways. <br />
The total area of land under the Railway network across the country is about 4,614.87 sq. km. Of this area Railways by its own admission has 463 sq. km. (1,14,491 acres or an area equal to 86,700 football fields) land vacant and 22.4 sq. km of land encroached. <br />
<br />
==Railway Land Development Authority==<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In 2006, the Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) was established as a separate statutory body. The plan was to gradually hand over excess land with commercial potential to RLDA for development, sale, or lease. Newspaper accounts at the time estimated (optimistically) that more than US$100 billion (between 7-7.5 lakh crore) eventually could be realized from monetization of surplus rail lands. RLDA has nearly 55,910 acres of land available with it for disposal<ref>18 in main wiki</ref><br />
<br />
See the map and its accompanying table highlighting publicly available information on the vacant land of 2,040 acres valued at Rs. 4,127 crore.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Railway 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Rail Land Development Authority, <br />
[http://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/RLDA_Annual_Report_15_16_English.pdf <br />
"Annual Reports and Accounts 2015-16"], '''Ministry of Railway''', 2015</ref><br />
'''Rail Land Development Authority'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Katra ||style="text-align:center;"|10.57|| style="text-align:right;"|21<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar ||style="text-align:center;"|0.61||style="text-align:right;"|1.23<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|80.86||style="text-align:right;"|163<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Clutterbuckganj ||style="text-align:center;"|136.52||style="text-align:right;"|276<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Shahamatganj ||style="text-align:center;"|36.26||style="text-align:right;"|73<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|110.59||style="text-align:right;"|224<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Raxaul||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Jaipur||style="text-align:center;"|5.7||style="text-align:right;"|11.5<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|9.83||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Etawah||style="text-align:center;"|0.74||style="text-align:right;"|1.5<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Siliguri ||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gwaltoli||style="text-align:center;"|3.74||style="text-align:right;"|7.5<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|11.7||style="text-align:right;"|23.6<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|65.46||style="text-align:right;"|132<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Jodhpur||style="text-align:center;"|5.4||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Gwalior ||style="text-align:center;"|4.68||style="text-align:right;"|9.5<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|0.99||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|5.32||style="text-align:right;"|10.76<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|0.52611||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Gaya ||style="text-align:center;"|1.4||style="text-align:right;"|2.8<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Jamnagar ||style="text-align:center;"|2.47||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Rajkot||style="text-align:center;"|68.13||style="text-align:right;"|137<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|634.79||style="text-align:right;"|1,285<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|333.45||style="text-align:right;"|675<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|9.63||style="text-align:right;"|19.5<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|39.18||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Visakhapatnam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|21.98||style="text-align:right;"|44.5<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|0.6||style="text-align:right;"|1.2<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Vijaywada||style="text-align:center;"|0.37||style="text-align:right;"|0.75<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Guntakal||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|5.19||style="text-align:right;"|10.5<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|2.49||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Villipuram||style="text-align:center;"|1.75||style="text-align:right;"|3.5<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Salem||style="text-align:center;"|0.82||style="text-align:right;"|1.65<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaptinam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.32||style="text-align:right;"|0.65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Pattukoti ||style="text-align:center;"|1.98||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Trivandrum||style="text-align:center;"|420||style="text-align:right;"|850<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,040.95 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,127.6 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 4,367 acres of land valued at Rs. 38,741 crore was uncovered set out for possible usage of logistic parks. See Map 2 and its accompanying table for detailed information. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Rail 2.png|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Land & Amenities Directorate [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/logistics.jsp "Vacant Land for possible use of Logistic Park"]</ref><br />
'''Indian Railways - Land & Amenities Directorate''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|29,775<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Belanganj||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|48<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Narkatiyaganj||style="text-align:center;"|352||style="text-align:right;"|712<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bandikui ||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|75<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Roja||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Jalpaiguri||style="text-align:center;"|34||style="text-align:right;"|69<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Nirala Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|62||style="text-align:right;"|125<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Amingaon||style="text-align:center;"|181||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Supaul||style="text-align:center;"|75||style="text-align:right;"|152<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|43<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suremanpur||style="text-align:center;"|100||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Dumari Juara||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Bachhwara||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Katihar||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Khagaria||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Sahebpur Kamal||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Bhagalpur||style="text-align:center;"|50||style="text-align:right;"|101<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Chandauli||style="text-align:center;"|227||style="text-align:right;"|459<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Jalore||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Bina stn||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Patan-Kakosi ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|121||style="text-align:right;"|245<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Katni||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Asansol||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|57<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Vijapur Ransipur ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|164||style="text-align:right;"|332<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Kanchrapara||style="text-align:center;"|49||style="text-align:right;"|99<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Chasma||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|141<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Dahod||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Tatanagar||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Dankuni||style="text-align:center;"|79||style="text-align:right;"|160<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Jagadishpur||style="text-align:center;"|111||style="text-align:right;"|225<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Sankrail||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|990||style="text-align:right;"|2,003<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Godhani||style="text-align:center;"|140||style="text-align:right;"|283<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Valthan village||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kantibanjhi||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Igatpuri||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Lonavala||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|47<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Daund||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Satara||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Vijayawada stn||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Machilipatnam Stn||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|North Arcot||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Chengalpattu||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|56<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Krishnaraja Ngr||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|81<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|126||style="text-align:right;"|255<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Pudukottai||style="text-align:center;"|52||style="text-align:right;"|105<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Madurai||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Tirunelveli||style="text-align:center;"|42||style="text-align:right;"|85<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 4,367 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 38,741 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Valuable Urban Parcels==<br />
<br />
A valuable 11 acre parcel, near the Bandra (East) railway station, had been proposed for commercial development since 2006. Auction reserve prices had been set between Rs 3,700 crore and 4,200 crore at different times.<ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure, Centrally Controlled Landholdings, George E. Peterson Vasudha Thawakar. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Finance Economics and Urban Department, October 2013. Date Accessed - March 2018 </ref><br />
<br> <br />
However, the property has failed to attract acceptable bids at six successive auctions.At the height of the land market in Mumbai, Railways issued bid terms that would haverequired the developer to build two identical office towers, one to be given to Railways for offices free-of-charge, the other to be available for commercial market leasing. The restrictions squeezed profit out of land development. No bids were received.<br />
<br><br />
Subsequently, the dual-tower conditions were dropped. Auction management was turned over to RLDA. Indian Railways worked with the State of Maharashtra to reach agreement that the Floor Space Index (FSI) for the site would be increased from 2 to 4, in order to maximize land value. In return, Railways agreed to allocate two-thirds of land lease proceeds to investment in the suburban rail plan for Greater Mumbai. However, at the last minute a private citizen brought claim in court that the property belonged to the State of Maharashtra, not to Railways. Maharashtra joined the plaintiff in the case, first at the level of revenue collector, later at the level of Minister of Revenue. Attempts to auction the property attracted no bids, as long as title was disputed.<br />
<br><br />
There are many stations along the Mumbai sub-urban local transport stations with vacant land that can be utilised for constructing high rise workspaces. Such a potential usage is the norm across most advanced cities in the world.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Railways&diff=659Railways2018-10-25T08:03:33Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edited entry for writing</p>
<hr />
<div>The Indian Railways is a public enterprise owned by the central government and administered through the Ministry of Railways. <br />
The total area of land under the Railway network across the country is about 4,614.87 sq. km. Of this area Railways by its own admission has 463 sq. km. (1,14,491 acres or an area equal to 86,700 football fields) land vacant and 22.4 sq. km of land encroached. <br />
<br />
==Railway Land Development Authority==<br />
In 2006, the Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) was established as a separate statutory body. The plan was to gradually hand over excess land with commercial potential to RLDA for development, sale, or lease. Newspaper accounts at the time estimated (optimistically) that more than US$100 billion (between 7-7.5 lakh crore) eventually could be realized from monetization of surplus rail lands. RLDA has nearly 55,910 acres of land available with it for disposal<ref>18 in main wiki</ref><br />
<br />
See the map and its accompanying table highlighting publicly available information on the vacant land of 2,040 acres valued at Rs. 4,127 crore.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Railway 01.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Rail Land Development Authority, <br />
[http://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/RLDA_Annual_Report_15_16_English.pdf <br />
"Annual Reports and Accounts 2015-16"], '''Ministry of Railway''', 2015</ref><br />
'''Rail Land Development Authority'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Katra ||style="text-align:center;"|10.57|| style="text-align:right;"|21<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Amritsar ||style="text-align:center;"|0.61||style="text-align:right;"|1.23<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|80.86||style="text-align:right;"|163<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Clutterbuckganj ||style="text-align:center;"|136.52||style="text-align:right;"|276<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Shahamatganj ||style="text-align:center;"|36.26||style="text-align:right;"|73<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bikaner||style="text-align:center;"|110.59||style="text-align:right;"|224<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Raxaul||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Jaipur||style="text-align:center;"|5.7||style="text-align:right;"|11.5<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Lucknow||style="text-align:center;"|9.83||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Etawah||style="text-align:center;"|0.74||style="text-align:right;"|1.5<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Siliguri ||style="text-align:center;"|2.96||style="text-align:right;"|6<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Gwaltoli||style="text-align:center;"|3.74||style="text-align:right;"|7.5<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Ajmer||style="text-align:center;"|11.7||style="text-align:right;"|23.6<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Kanpur ||style="text-align:center;"|65.46||style="text-align:right;"|132<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Jodhpur||style="text-align:center;"|5.4||style="text-align:right;"|11<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Gwalior ||style="text-align:center;"|4.68||style="text-align:right;"|9.5<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|0.99||style="text-align:right;"|2<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|5.32||style="text-align:right;"|10.76<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Kota||style="text-align:center;"|0.52611||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Gaya ||style="text-align:center;"|1.4||style="text-align:right;"|2.8<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Jamnagar ||style="text-align:center;"|2.47||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Rajkot||style="text-align:center;"|68.13||style="text-align:right;"|137<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|634.79||style="text-align:right;"|1,285<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|333.45||style="text-align:right;"|675<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Aurangabad||style="text-align:center;"|9.63||style="text-align:right;"|19.5<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Mumbai||style="text-align:center;"|39.18||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Visakhapatnam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Secunderabad||style="text-align:center;"|21.98||style="text-align:right;"|44.5<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Hyderabad||style="text-align:center;"|0.6||style="text-align:right;"|1.2<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Vijaywada||style="text-align:center;"|0.37||style="text-align:right;"|0.75<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Guntakal||style="text-align:center;"|0.49||style="text-align:right;"|1<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Chennai||style="text-align:center;"|5.19||style="text-align:right;"|10.5<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Bangalore||style="text-align:center;"|2.49||style="text-align:right;"|5<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Villipuram||style="text-align:center;"|1.75||style="text-align:right;"|3.5<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Salem||style="text-align:center;"|0.82||style="text-align:right;"|1.65<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaptinam ||style="text-align:center;"|0.32||style="text-align:right;"|0.65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Pattukoti ||style="text-align:center;"|1.98||style="text-align:right;"|4<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Trivandrum||style="text-align:center;"|420||style="text-align:right;"|850<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2,040.95 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 4,127.6 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Another 4,367 acres of land valued at Rs. 38,741 crore was uncovered set out for possible usage of logistic parks. See Map 2 and its accompanying table for detailed information. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Rail 2.png|left|sub|middle|Map 2]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref> Land & Amenities Directorate [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/logistics.jsp "Vacant Land for possible use of Logistic Park"]</ref><br />
'''Indian Railways - Land & Amenities Directorate''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | District <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhatinda||style="text-align:center;"|10||style="text-align:right;"|20<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|New Delhi||style="text-align:center;"|156||style="text-align:right;"|29,775<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Mathura ||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Belanganj||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|48<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Narkatiyaganj||style="text-align:center;"|352||style="text-align:right;"|712<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Bandikui ||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|42<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Darjeeling||style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|75<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Roja||style="text-align:center;"|183||style="text-align:right;"|370<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Jalpaiguri||style="text-align:center;"|34||style="text-align:right;"|69<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|Nirala Nagar||style="text-align:center;"|62||style="text-align:right;"|125<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Amingaon||style="text-align:center;"|181||style="text-align:right;"|366<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Supaul||style="text-align:center;"|75||style="text-align:right;"|152<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Sawai Madhopur||style="text-align:center;"|21||style="text-align:right;"|43<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Suremanpur||style="text-align:center;"|100||style="text-align:right;"|202<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Dumari Juara||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Bachhwara||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Katihar||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Khagaria||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Jhansi||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Sahebpur Kamal||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 21||style="text-align:left;"|Bhagalpur||style="text-align:center;"|50||style="text-align:right;"|101<br />
|-<br />
| 22||style="text-align:left;"|Chandauli||style="text-align:center;"|227||style="text-align:right;"|459<br />
|-<br />
| 23||style="text-align:left;"|Jalore||style="text-align:center;"|22||style="text-align:right;"|45<br />
|-<br />
| 24||style="text-align:left;"|Bina stn||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|80<br />
|-<br />
| 25||style="text-align:left;"|Patan-Kakosi ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|121||style="text-align:right;"|245<br />
|-<br />
| 26||style="text-align:left;"|Katni||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 27||style="text-align:left;"|Asansol||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|57<br />
|-<br />
| 28||style="text-align:left;"|Bokaro||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 29||style="text-align:left;"|Vijapur Ransipur ,railway line||style="text-align:center;"|164||style="text-align:right;"|332<br />
|-<br />
| 30||style="text-align:left;"|Kanchrapara||style="text-align:center;"|49||style="text-align:right;"|99<br />
|-<br />
| 31||style="text-align:left;"|Chasma||style="text-align:center;"|70||style="text-align:right;"|141<br />
|-<br />
| 32||style="text-align:left;"|Dahod||style="text-align:center;"|30||style="text-align:right;"|61<br />
|-<br />
| 33||style="text-align:left;"|Tatanagar||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 34||style="text-align:left;"|Dankuni||style="text-align:center;"|79||style="text-align:right;"|160<br />
|-<br />
| 35||style="text-align:left;"|Jagadishpur||style="text-align:center;"|111||style="text-align:right;"|225<br />
|-<br />
| 36||style="text-align:left;"|Sankrail||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 37||style="text-align:left;"|Raipur||style="text-align:center;"|990||style="text-align:right;"|2,003<br />
|-<br />
| 38||style="text-align:left;"|Godhani||style="text-align:center;"|140||style="text-align:right;"|283<br />
|-<br />
| 39||style="text-align:left;"|Nagpur||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 40||style="text-align:left;"|Valthan village||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|500<br />
|-<br />
| 41||style="text-align:left;"|Kantibanjhi||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 42||style="text-align:left;"|Igatpuri||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 43||style="text-align:left;"|Lonavala||style="text-align:center;"|23||style="text-align:right;"|47<br />
|-<br />
| 44||style="text-align:left;"|Daund||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 45||style="text-align:left;"|Satara||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 46||style="text-align:left;"|Vijayawada stn||style="text-align:center;"|26||style="text-align:right;"|52<br />
|-<br />
| 47||style="text-align:left;"|Machilipatnam Stn||style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|51<br />
|-<br />
| 48||style="text-align:left;"|North Arcot||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 49||style="text-align:left;"|Chengalpattu||style="text-align:center;"|28||style="text-align:right;"|56<br />
|-<br />
| 50||style="text-align:left;"|Krishnaraja Ngr||style="text-align:center;"|40||style="text-align:right;"|81<br />
|-<br />
| 51||style="text-align:left;"|Coimbatore||style="text-align:center;"|32||style="text-align:right;"|65<br />
|-<br />
| 52||style="text-align:left;"|Trichy||style="text-align:center;"|126||style="text-align:right;"|255<br />
|-<br />
| 53||style="text-align:left;"|Pudukottai||style="text-align:center;"|52||style="text-align:right;"|105<br />
|-<br />
| 54||style="text-align:left;"|Madurai||style="text-align:center;"|46||style="text-align:right;"|93<br />
|-<br />
| 55||style="text-align:left;"|Tirunelveli||style="text-align:center;"|42||style="text-align:right;"|85<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 4,367 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 38,741 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Valuable Urban Parcels==<br />
<br />
A valuable 11 acre parcel, near the Bandra (East) railway station, had been proposed for commercial development since 2006. Auction reserve prices had been set between Rs 3,700 crore and 4,200 crore at different times.<ref> Capturing the Value of Public Land for Urban Infrastructure, Centrally Controlled Landholdings, George E. Peterson Vasudha Thawakar. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Finance Economics and Urban Department, October 2013. Date Accessed - March 2018 </ref><br />
<br> <br />
However, the property has failed to attract acceptable bids at six successive auctions.At the height of the land market in Mumbai, Railways issued bid terms that would haverequired the developer to build two identical office towers, one to be given to Railways for offices free-of-charge, the other to be available for commercial market leasing. The restrictions squeezed profit out of land development. No bids were received.<br />
<br><br />
Subsequently, the dual-tower conditions were dropped. Auction management was turned over to RLDA. Indian Railways worked with the State of Maharashtra to reach agreement that the Floor Space Index (FSI) for the site would be increased from 2 to 4, in order to maximize land value. In return, Railways agreed to allocate two-thirds of land lease proceeds to investment in the suburban rail plan for Greater Mumbai. However, at the last minute a private citizen brought claim in court that the property belonged to the State of Maharashtra, not to Railways. Maharashtra joined the plaintiff in the case, first at the level of revenue collector, later at the level of Minister of Revenue. Attempts to auction the property attracted no bids, as long as title was disputed.<br />
<br><br />
There are many stations along the Mumbai sub-urban local transport stations with vacant land that can be utilised for constructing high rise workspaces. Such a potential usage is the norm across most advanced cities in the world.<br />
<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Special_Economic_Zones&diff=645Special Economic Zones2018-10-24T13:07:21Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: table float - fix</p>
<hr />
<div>The government of India had first announced a comprehensive SEZ policy in April 2000 as part of its EXIM Policy. It was shortly followed by the Special Economic Zone Act in February 2006. <br />
<br><br />
The act aimed to promote economic growth and development in the form of greater economic activity, promotion of investment, the creation of infrastructure, the growth of employment, and promotion of exports. <br />
<br><br />
However, SEZs are a prime example of government land grabbing and over-reach of power. The country has witnessed several protests resisting land acquisition initiatives for SEZs. <br />
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 33%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>, Special Economic Zone - Vacant Land [http://www.sezindia.nic.in/writereaddata/GeneralNotifications/VACANT%20LAND%20AREA%20AVILABLE%20IN%20SEZs.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Land lying vacant as % of total SEZ land'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | State <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | (%) <br />
|-<br />
| 1|| Andhra Pradesh || 48 <br />
|-<br />
| 2|| Gujrat || 47 <br />
|-<br />
| 3|| Karnataka || 56 <br />
|-<br />
| 4|| Maharashtra || 70<br />
|-<br />
| 5|| Odisha || 96 <br />
|-<br />
| 6|| Tamilnadu || 49 <br />
|-<br />
| 7|| West Bengal || 96 <br />
|}<br />
There are more than 72,847 acres across the country that lies unused and vacant. SEZs promised cheap land prices and tax breaks. These easy incentives lead to land large tracts of land acquisition by private parties only to be abandoned later. <br />
The land is the most crucial part of the scheme - out of 1,12,768 acre of land notified in the country for SEZ purposes, operations commenced in only 70,396 acres (62.42%) of land.<br />
According to CAG<ref> Performance of Special Economic Zones [https://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Dept_Revenue_Indirect_Taxes_Special_Economic_Zones_SEZs_21_2014.pdf ]CAG, 2012-13 </ref>, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 has become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for as long as 7 years. <br />
<br />
Several processing areas established under the SEZ have unutilized land parcels locked. One such instance is the case of Adani Ports. Out of the notified area of 16,000 acres, only 2,060 acres was utilized leaving 13,934 acres un-utilized. <br />
Refer to the map and the table accompanying for more details of this wasted land.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:SEZ fixed 01.png|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>SEZ, [http://www.sezindia.nic.in/writereaddata/GeneralNotifications/VACANT%20LAND%20AREA%20AVILABLE%20IN%20SEZs.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Special Economic Zones''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | State <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Chandigarh||style="text-align:center;"|84||style="text-align:right;"|170<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Punjab||style="text-align:center;"|74||style="text-align:right;"|150<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Haryana||style="text-align:center;"|86||style="text-align:right;"|174<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Uttar Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|513||style="text-align:right;"|1,038<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Rajasthan||style="text-align:center;"|8018||style="text-align:right;"|16,224<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaland||style="text-align:center;"|123||style="text-align:right;"|249<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Jharkhand||style="text-align:center;"|39||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Madhya Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|1213||style="text-align:right;"|2,454<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Gujarat||style="text-align:center;"|12713||style="text-align:right;|25,724<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|West Bengal ||style="text-align:center;"|271||style="text-align:right;"|548<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Chattisgarh||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Odisha ||style="text-align:center;"|753||style="text-align:right;"|1,524<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Dadra&Nagar Haveli||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Maharashtra||style="text-align:center;"|20461||style="text-align:right;"|41,401<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Telangana||style="text-align:center;"|9,318||style="text-align:right;"|18,854<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Goa||style="text-align:center;"|612||style="text-align:right;"|1,238<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Andhra Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|8300||style="text-align:right;"|16,794<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Karnataka||style="text-align:center;"|2567||style="text-align:right;"|5,194<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Tamil Nadu||style="text-align:center;"|6765||style="text-align:right;"|13,689<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Kerala||style="text-align:center;"|820||style="text-align:right;"|1,659<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 72,847 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 1,47,401 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
Information pulled from publicly available data sources points out about 72, 847 acre of land parcels are lying vacant and unused across the country. <br />
<br><br />
This is roughly equivalent to 55,187 football fields. <ref> Size of a football field = 1.32 acre </ref>. With a conservative price of Rs. 5,000 / sq. metre and an FSI of 1 the value of this wasted land is Rs. 1.47 lakh crore. <br />
<br><br />
The policies set out for SEZs proved to uproot thousands of communities across the country, only to lead to land locking and wastage.<br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Special_Economic_Zones&diff=644Special Economic Zones2018-10-24T13:01:33Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: edited text entry</p>
<hr />
<div>The government of India had first announced a comprehensive SEZ policy in April 2000 as part of its EXIM Policy. It was shortly followed by the Special Economic Zone Act in February 2006. <br />
<br><br />
The act aimed to promote economic growth and development in the form of greater economic activity, promotion of investment, creation of infrastructure, the growth of employment, and promotion of exports. <br />
<br><br />
However, SEZs are a prime example of government land grabbing and over-reach of power. The country has witnessed several protests resisting land acquisition initiatives for SEZs. <br />
<br><br />
There is more than 72,847 acres across the country that lies unused and vacant. SEZs promised cheap land prices, and tax breaks. These easy incentives lead to land large tracts of land acquisition by private parties only to be abandoned later. <br />
Land is the most crucial part of the scheme - out of 1,12,768 acre of land notified in the country for SEZ purposes, operations commenced in only 70,396 acre (62.42%) of land.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style = "float-left;" style="width: 33%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>, Special Economic Zone - Vacant Land [http://www.sezindia.nic.in/writereaddata/GeneralNotifications/VACANT%20LAND%20AREA%20AVILABLE%20IN%20SEZs.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Land lying vacant as % of total SEZ land'''<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | State <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | (%) <br />
|-<br />
| 1|| Andhra Pradesh || 48 <br />
|-<br />
| 2|| Gujrat || 47 <br />
|-<br />
| 3|| Karnataka || 56 <br />
|-<br />
| 4|| Maharashtra || 70<br />
|-<br />
| 5|| Odisha || 96 <br />
|-<br />
| 6|| Tamilnadu || 49 <br />
|-<br />
| 7|| West Bengal || 96 <br />
|}<br />
According to CAG<ref> Performance of Special Economic Zones [https://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Dept_Revenue_Indirect_Taxes_Special_Economic_Zones_SEZs_21_2014.pdf ]CAG, 2012-13 </ref>, out of the 392 notified zones, only 152 has become operational. In various states, the Developers had not commenced investments and the land had been lying idle in their custody for as long as 7 years. <br />
<br />
Several processing areas established under the SEZ have unutilized land parcels locked. One such instance is the case of Adani Ports. Out of the notified area of 16,000 acres, only 2,060 acres was utilized leaving 13,934 acres un-utilized. <br />
Refer to the map and the table accompanying for more details of this wasted land.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:SEZ fixed 01.png|left|sub|middle|Map 1]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>SEZ, [http://www.sezindia.nic.in/writereaddata/GeneralNotifications/VACANT%20LAND%20AREA%20AVILABLE%20IN%20SEZs.pdf "CAG"]</ref><br />
'''Special Economic Zones''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | State <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Chandigarh||style="text-align:center;"|84||style="text-align:right;"|170<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Punjab||style="text-align:center;"|74||style="text-align:right;"|150<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Haryana||style="text-align:center;"|86||style="text-align:right;"|174<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Uttar Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|513||style="text-align:right;"|1,038<br />
|-<br />
| 5||style="text-align:left;"|Rajasthan||style="text-align:center;"|8018||style="text-align:right;"|16,224<br />
|-<br />
| 6||style="text-align:left;"|Nagaland||style="text-align:center;"|123||style="text-align:right;"|249<br />
|-<br />
| 7||style="text-align:left;"|Jharkhand||style="text-align:center;"|39||style="text-align:right;"|79<br />
|-<br />
| 8||style="text-align:left;"|Madhya Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|1213||style="text-align:right;"|2,454<br />
|-<br />
| 9||style="text-align:left;"|Gujarat||style="text-align:center;"|12713||style="text-align:right;|25,724<br />
|-<br />
| 10||style="text-align:left;"|West Bengal ||style="text-align:center;"|271||style="text-align:right;"|548<br />
|-<br />
| 11||style="text-align:left;"|Chattisgarh||style="text-align:center;"|93||style="text-align:right;"|188<br />
|-<br />
| 12||style="text-align:left;"|Odisha ||style="text-align:center;"|753||style="text-align:right;"|1,524<br />
|-<br />
| 13||style="text-align:left;"|Dadra&Nagar Haveli||style="text-align:center;"|24||style="text-align:right;"|49<br />
|-<br />
| 14||style="text-align:left;"|Maharashtra||style="text-align:center;"|20461||style="text-align:right;"|41,401<br />
|-<br />
| 15||style="text-align:left;"|Telangana||style="text-align:center;"|9,318||style="text-align:right;"|18,854<br />
|-<br />
| 16||style="text-align:left;"|Goa||style="text-align:center;"|612||style="text-align:right;"|1,238<br />
|-<br />
| 17||style="text-align:left;"|Andhra Pradesh||style="text-align:center;"|8300||style="text-align:right;"|16,794<br />
|-<br />
| 18||style="text-align:left;"|Karnataka||style="text-align:center;"|2567||style="text-align:right;"|5,194<br />
|-<br />
| 19||style="text-align:left;"|Tamil Nadu||style="text-align:center;"|6765||style="text-align:right;"|13,689<br />
|-<br />
| 20||style="text-align:left;"|Kerala||style="text-align:center;"|820||style="text-align:right;"|1,659<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 72,847 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 1,47,401 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Information pulled from publicly available data sources points out about 72, 847 acre of land parcels are lying vacant and unused across the country. <br />
<br><br />
This is roughly equivalent to 55,187 football fields. <ref> Size of a football field = 1.32 acre </ref>. With a conservative price of Rs. 5,000 / sq. metre and an FSI of 1 the value of this wasted land is Rs. 1.47 lakh crore. <br />
<br><br />
The policies set out for SEZs proved to uproot thousands of communities across the country, only to lead to land locking and wastage.</div>Sudhanshu.neemahttp://publicwealthwiki.nayidisha.com/index.php?title=Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited_(HAL)&diff=643Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)2018-10-24T11:03:52Z<p>Sudhanshu.neema: alignment of the table</p>
<hr />
<div>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is a state-owned defence company which was established on 1st October 1964. The company has its headquarters in Bengaluru. HAL functions under the control of the Ministry of Defence. <br />
<br><br />
HAL is in the business of manufacturing, designing, and repairing aircrafts, helicopters, and related systems like avionics, instruments, and accessories. <br />
<br><br />
In the year 1963, the State Government of Odisha allotted 12,000 acres of land belonging to 11 villages including Kakigaon, Chikapur, Khaliput, Chakriliput and Kodinga to HAL. <ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/hal-displaced-seek-rehab-acquire-land-forcibly.html</ref> However, HAL utilized only 3,121 acres of this land and it further handed over 6,000 acres to Cobra Battalion and the Central University of Odisha. At present 2,918 acres of land under HAL is been kept unused. It is also been observed that HAL failed to properly rehabilitate these villagers whose land they acquired in 1963. <br />
<br><br />
According to Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), in Koraput about 50 acres of land held by the HAL division is under encroachment by the local villagers for over 25 years. <ref>https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_Force_Report_38_2015.pdf</ref><br />
<br><br />
In the year 1985, HAL acquired another 11 acres of land at Belur, Vibuthpura, and Vibuthpura in Bengaluru. This land was originally occupied by slum dwellers. HAL acquired identified and acquired additional land to evict and rehabilitate these slum dwellers but failed to evict them. As a result, 11 acres of valuable urban land acquired by HAL remained under encroachment as on March 2015. <br />
Refer to the map and accompanying table for details. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[File:HAL.png|900px|left|sub|middle|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%<br />
|+ style="color:#2B3990;"|<ref>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</ref><br />
'''Hindustan Aeronautics Limited''' <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 15px;" | #<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | City <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Area (acre)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Value (₹ crore)<br />
|-<br />
| 1||style="text-align:left;"|Bhubaneshwar||style="text-align:center;"|2918.53||style="text-align:right;"|5,905<br />
|-<br />
| 2||style="text-align:left;"|Nashik||style="text-align:center;"|1.34||style="text-align:right;"|3<br />
|-<br />
| 3||style="text-align:left;"|Koraput||style="text-align:center;"|50.21||style="text-align:right;"|102<br />
|-<br />
| 4||style="text-align:left;"|Bengaluru ||style="text-align:center;"|11.96||style="text-align:right;"|130<br />
|-<br />
| scope = "row" colspan = "2" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' 2982.04 acre'''<br />
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''₹ 6,140 crore'''<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Around 2,982 acres of land held under HAL is either kept unused or is under encroachment across the country. The total value of this surplus and encroached land heldby HAL is ₹ 6,140 crore as per conservative estimates assuming a meagre FSI of 1. Such land parcels are being abused and restricting urban expansion and development in major cities. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==References==</div>Sudhanshu.neema